Читательская грамотность. Минск: рикз, 2020. 201 с
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1-ex pisa
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- Box 5. Classification of texts
| Text types
97. Text types further describe the diversity of texts in a way to cover a wide range of types of reading that students would encounter: description, narration, exposition, argumentation, instruction and transaction 2 . Texts as they are found in the world typically resist categorisation, as they are usually not written with text type rules in mind, and tend to cut across categories. For example, a chapter in a textbook might include some definitions (exposition), some directions on how to solve particular problems (instruction), a brief historical account of the discovery of the 2 In the first version of the reading framework, these text types were located as subcategories of the continuous text format. In the PISA 2009 cycle it was acknowledged that non-continuous texts (and the elements of mixed and multiple texts) also have a descriptive, narrative, expository, argumentative or instructional purpose. 176 solution (narration) and descriptions of some typical objects involved in the solution (description). Nevertheless, in an assessment like PISA it is useful to categorise texts according to the text type, based on the predominant characteristics of the text, in order to ensure that the instrument samples across a range of texts that represent different types of reading. 98. The classification of texts used in PISA is adapted from the work of Werlich (1976) and are shown in Box 5. Box 5. Classification of texts Description is the type of text where the information refers to properties of objects in space. The typical questions that descriptive texts provide an answer to are what questions. Descriptions can take several forms. Impressionistic descriptions present information from the point of view of subjective impressions of relations, qualities and directions in space. Technical descriptions present information from the point of view of objective observation in space. Frequently, technical descriptions use non-continuous text formats such as diagrams and illustrations. Examples of text objects in the text type category description are a depiction of a particular place in a travelogue or diary, a catalogue, a geographical map, an online flight schedule or a description of a feature, function or process in a technical manual. Narration is the type of text where the information refers to properties of objects in time. Narration typically answers questions relating to when, or in what sequence. Why characters in stories behave as they do is another important question that narration typically answers. Narration can take different forms. Narratives present change from the point of view of subjective selection and emphasis, recording actions and events from the point of view of subjective impressions in time. Reports present change from the point of view of an objective situational frame, recording actions and events which can be verified by others. News stories intend to enable the readers to form their own independent opinion of facts and events without being influenced by the reporter’s references to his own views. Examples of text objects in the text type category narration are a novel, a short story, a play, a biography, a comic strip and a newspaper report of an event. Exposition is the type of text in which the information is presented as composite concepts or mental constructs, or those elements into which concepts or mental constructs can be analysed. The text provides an explanation of how the different elements interrelate in a meaningful whole and often answers questions about how. Expositions can take various forms. жүктеу/скачать 3,64 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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