Английский язык для юристов
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Учебник для бакалавров
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Every country has its own historically developing system of norms, legal institutions and branches of law, which regulates different types of social relations. In order to understand different aspects of a system of law it is necessary to look at various classifications of law, as branches of law are traditionally considered to be the most important elements of this system. Numerous classifications that vary from country to country usually reflect the peculiarities of different systems of law. Nevertheless there are the most common divisions singled out by contemporary jurists. Thus law is frequently classified into public and private and substantive and procedural. 183 The distinction is often made between public and private law. Public law governs the relationship between the state and an individual, who is either a company or a citizen. Public law covers three subdivisions: constitutional, administrative and criminal law. Constitutional law deals with the structure of the government and the relations between private citizens and the government. Administrative law deals with the decision-making of administrative units of government (for example, tribunals, boards or commissions) in such areas as police law, international trade, manufacturing, the environment, taxation, immigration and transport. Criminal law, or penal law, is the body of law that relates to crime, i.e. illegal conduct that is prohibited by the state and sets out the punishment to be imposed on those who break these laws. A crime is considered to be an offence against the public, although the actual victim may be an individual. This is because the state considers anti-social behaviour not simply as a matter between two individuals but as a danger to the well-being and order of society as a whole. Private law is also known as civil law. It involves relationships between individuals, or private relationships between citizens and companies. The main branches of private law are contract, tort, family, employment and land law. Contract law deals with legally binding agreements between people or companies that are called жүктеу/скачать 3,06 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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