Russian - English lexical correlations
Lexical correlations are defined as lexical units from different languages which
are phonetically and semantically related. Semantically
Russian- English lexical
correlations are various. They may denote everyday objects and commonly used
things;
brutal -грубый,
cold - холодный,
ground - грунт,
kettle -котел,
kitchen -
кухня,
money - монета,
sister - сeстра,
wolf- волк etc.
For instance the word
bolshevik was at first indivisible in English, which is seen
from the forms
bolshevikism, bolshevikise, bolshevikian entered by some dictionaries.
Later on the word came to be divided into the morphological elements bolshev-ik.
The new morphological division can be accounted for by the existence of a number
of words containing these elements (bolshevism, bolshevist, bolshevise; sputnik,
udarnik, menshevik).
Assimilation is the process of changing the adopted word.
The process of
assimilation of borrowings includes changes in sound form of morphological
structure, grammar characteristics, meaning and usage.
Phonetic assimilation comprises changes in sound form and stress. Sounds that
were alien to the English language were fitted into
its scheme of sounds, e.g. In the
recent French borrowings
communique, cafe the long [e] and [e] are rendered with the
help of [ei]. The accent is usually transferred to the first syllable in the words from
foreign sources.
The degree of phonetic adaptation depends on the period of borrowing: the earlier
the period the more completed this adaptation. While such words as
"table", "plate"
borrowed from French in the 8th - 11th centuries can be considered fully assimilated,
later Parisian borrowings (15th c.) such as
regime, valise, cafe" are still pronounced in
a French manner.
Grammatical adaption is usually a less lasting process, because in order to function
adequately in the recipient language a borrowing
must completely change its
paradigm. Though there are some well-known exceptions as plural forms of the
English Renaissance borrowings -
datum pl.
data, criterion - pl.
criteria and others.
The process of semantic assimilation has many forms: narrowing of meanings
(usually polysemantic words are borrowed in one of the meanings); specialisation or
generalisation of meanings, acquiring new meanings
in the recipient language,
shifting a primary meaning to the position of a secondary meaning.
Completely assimilated borrowings are the words, which have undergone all types
of assimilation. Such words are frequently used and are stylistically neutral, they may
occur as dominant words in a synonymic group. They take an active part in word-
formation.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: