Lesson 15
ГРАММАТИКА: Некоторые особенности перевода на русский язык обо
рота «именительный падеж с инфинитивом». Оборот
«именительный падеж с причастием, прилагательным,
числительным».
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) physicist ['fizisist], previously ['pri:vjasli], among [э'тлр], weight (weit],
aggregate fxgngot], encyclopaedia [in.saikb'pirdio], distinguish [dis'tiggwij],
although [э:Гдэо], unchallengeable [лпЧ/<е1|П(1зэЫ], predecessor ['pri.discso],
half [ho:f], precise [pri'sats]
b) 'calledjheNparticles, ‘thesc\particles, the„'GrcekSword, thc^'rapid
Nprogress, isu wellJllusStrated, injhe^'earlySycars, 'endsuwithytheSwords,
thought^that, arc^inN'favour, injavouruof^the\theory, half^a^'centuryMater
c) /'Now | we have pre'cisc knowledge | of the 'structure and 'properties | of
'atoms and Nmolecules.
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Ex. 2. Pay attention to the structure оГ the following words. Translate
them into Russian:
a) 'extract — ex'tract, 'progress — progress, 'import — import,
'export — cx'port, 'increase — in'crcasc, 'present — pre'scnt, 'com
pound — com'pound, prc'cipitatc — prccipi'tatc
b) physics, mathematics, economics, dynamics, electronics
c) irregular, irrespective, irrational, irrccognizablc, irreligious,
irremovable, irreplaceable
Ex. 3. Define the meanings of the word about in the following sentences:
1. Our knowledge about atoms greatly increased during the twentieth
century. 2. The student was about to comc into the room when I stopped
him. 3. A theory usually involves some idea about the nature of some part
of the Universe. 4. The mixture is about to explode, stop heating it. 5. At
what time do you usually get up? — At about 7.
6
. They were about to
leave when the telephone rang. 7. The Mendeleyev system has served for
about a century as a key to discovering new elements. S. About one-fifth
of the air by volume is oxygen. 9. Ibcrc is nothing special about this
proccss. 10. You know too little about selenium.
Ex. 4. Find the predicate and the subject in the following sentences:
1. As it was verified by further work in chcmistry and physics, Dalton’s
atomic hypothesis became the atomic theory. 2. In the early years of the
twentieth century, atoms were defined as the imaginary units. 3. It has
more than once happened in the history of science that a hypothesis has
been abandoned.
Text 15 A
T h e A tom ic T h eo ry
In 1805 the English chemist and physicist John Dalton (1766-1844)
put forward the hypothesis according to which all substanccs were stated
to consist o f small particles o f matter, o f several different kinds,
corresponding to the different elements. He callcd these particles atoms,
from the Greek word atomos, meaning “indivisible”. This hypothesis gave
a simple explanation or picture of previously observed but unsatisfactorily
explained relations among the weights of substances taking part in chcmical
reactions with one another. As it was verified by further work in chemistry
and physics, Dalton’s atomic hypothesis became the atomic theory.
The rapid progress of science during the twentieth century is well
illustrated by the increase in our knowledge about atoms. In a popular
textbook of chcmistry written in the early years of the twentieth century,
atoms were defined to be the “imaginary units” of which bodies arc
''aggregates. The article in “Atom” in the 11th edition of the Encyclopaedia
Britannica, published in 1910, ends with the words “The atomic theory
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has been of priceless value to chcmists, but it has more than once
happened in the history of science that a hypothesis, after having been
useful in the discovery and the coordination of knowledge, has been
abandoned and replaced by one more in harmony with later discoveries.
Some distinguished chcmists thought that this fate may be awaiting the
atomic theory... But modem discoveries in radioactivity are in favour
o f the existence of the atom, although they lead to the belief that the
atom is likely to be not so eternal and unchangeable a thing as Dalton
and his predecessors had imagined”.
Only half a ccntuiy later, scientists had precise knowledge of the struc
ture and properties of atoms and molecules. Atoms and molecules can no
longer be considered “imaginary”.
Words and Word-Combinations to Be Memorized
article, current, define, distinguish, explanation, in favour of, illustrate,
increase, no longer, more than once, physicist, physics, popular, precise,
previously, price, priceless, progress, put forward, radioactivity, rapid, replace,
satisfactory, useful, be of value
Ex. 5. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
put forward a hypothesis, according to the atomic theory, give an
explanation, previously observed relations, by further work, rapid
progress, during the current century, be illustrated by smth., imaginary
units, be o f value, replace a hypothesis by a theory, a distinguished
chemist, discoveries in radioactivity, be in favour o f smth., imagine, have
precise knowledge, no longer
Ex.
6
. Give the English equivalents for the following:
выдвинуть идею, согласно теории, дать простое объяснение,
объяснить факт, принять участие в реакции, друг с другом, попу
лярная книга, третье издание, опубликовать статью, заменить одну
идею другой, выдающийся ученый, доводы в пользу гипотезы, спу
стя полстолстия, больше не может рассматриваться, увеличение ра
диоактивности, не один раз, ранее неизвестная величина, быстрое
развитие
Ex. 7. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary.
1
. Dalton's theory was p u t... 1805.2. The hypothesis could not explain
... relations... the weights... substanccs taking part... chcmical reactions.
3. The atomic theory is ... priceless value ... chcmists. 4. Modem
discoveries... radioactivity a rc ... the existence... the atom. 5. H alf... a
century later the atomic structure became clear.
6
. The atomic theory is
useful... the coordination ... knowledge. 7. Dalton’s atomic hypothesis
was verified ... further work ... chcmistry and physics.
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Ex. 8. Translate the scntcnccs into Russian paying attention to different
functions of for.
1. The atomic theory was of great value fo r further development of
science. 2. Dalton’s hypothesis became the atomic theory, fo r it was
verified by later discoveries. 3. For this reason the hypothesis'was
replaced by another one. 4. This technique is recommended to be used,
fo r it is very accurate. 5. Argon and other gases of this group arc callcd
inert, fo r they are chemically inactive.
6
. The theory hasn’t been
recognized fo r almost a century.
Ex. 9. Translate the sentences into Russian.
a)
1
. Dalton’s hypothesis was later proved to be true. 2. Fundamental
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