THE ATTRIBUTE
Lesson 25
ГРАММАТИКА: Определение. Прилагательное, местоимение, существи
тельное, наречие в функции определения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
The subject of acids and bases led to the development o f an interesting
series of theories.
Ex. 2. State what parts of speech the following words belong to:
acid, acidity, acidic, acidatc, acidification, acidificr
Ex. 3. Define the meanings of the word any in the following sentences:
1. Are there any test-tubes on the table? 2. Any student of chcmistry
must know the periodic law. 3. There is not any student in the lab.
4. According to Arrhenius, any hydroxy compound giving hydroxyl ions
in water solution was callcd a base. 5. There arc not any flowers on the
windows in our classroom. 6. There arc few objections to this theory, if
there arc any. 7. The protonic theory states that a base is any substancc,
molecule, or ion, which accepts a proton. 8. There is little chance, if any.
for the reaction to be completed because the temperature is too low.
Ex. 4. Analyse the following sentence:
The subject of acids and bases has long been one o f the most
controversial in chcmistry.
Text 25 A
Bases
The subject of acids and bases has long been one of the most controversial
in chcmistry, and led to the development of an interesting series of theories.
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In the 17th century, during the infancy of experimental chcmistry, acids and
bases were defined or described on the basis of their behaviour. Titus, bases
were substanccs that neutralized acids, turned plant dyes blue, had a bitter
taste, and had a smooth or slippery feeling to the skin.
In the 18th century, following the discovery of oxygen by Joseph
Priestley, Lavoisier advanced the idea that oxygen was the acidifying
principle of all acids. Thereafter, the experimental approach was largely
abandoned and emphasis was placed on the composition o f substanccs
instead o f the phenomenological properties. The development o f the
hydrogen theory of acidity and Faraday’s studies of electrolytic conductance
in the early 19th century led logically to the watcr-ion theory proposed by
Arrhenius. By this conccpt a base may be defined as any hydroxy compound
which gives hydroxyl ions in water solution. Neutralization then involves
the combination of hydroxyl ions with hydrogen formed by the acid,
producing water and incidentally a salt. The role of solvent as an ionizing
medium for acid-base reactions was emphasized. Although the theory under
consideration was very useful and adequate for many reactions in aqueous
solution, its many limitations soon became apparent. The theory includes
basic substanccs that arc not hydroxy compounds, docs not provide for
the amphotcrism exhibited by many oxides and salts, and limits the field
ofacid-basc reactions to aqueous solutions in spite of many known typical
neutralization reactions in non-aqucous solutions.
These objections led to more or less conflicting theories: the protonic
theory advanced by Bronstcd and Lowry in 1923 and the older solvent
system advanced by Franklin in 1905 and later extended. In terms o f the
Ф then popular protonic conccpt, a base is any substancc, molecule, or ion,
which accepts a proton.
Words and YVord-Combinations to Be Memorized
acidify, acidity, adequate, amphoteric, amphotcrism, conductance under
consideration, dye, electrolyte, extend, feel, of importance, incident, incidentally,
instead of, of interest, medium, objection, plant, provide, in question, role,
smooth, solvent, under study, in spite of, typical
Ex. 5. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
lead to, an interesting theory, during the infancy, define, thus, neutralize
an acid, a plant dye, a smooth feeling, advance an idea, thereafter, an
experimental approach, place emphasis, instead of, electrolytic
conductance, propose a conccpt, a hydroxy compound, produce a salt,
incidentally, although, an adequate theory, become apparent, exhibit
amphotcrism, in spite of
Ex. 6. Give the English equivalents for the following:
ограничивать, (нс)воднын раствор, несмотря на, вести к, протон
ная теория, расширить систему, с точки зрения той теории, любое
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вещество, принимать протон, после открытия кислорода, в основном,
состав вещества, теория кислотности, в начале XIX столетия, по этой
теории, роль растворителя, ионизирующая среда, рассматриваемая
идея, описать на основе поведения
Ex. 7. Fill in the blanks with articles where necessary.
1. In terms o f... protonic conccpt,... base is ... substancc which accepts
... proton. 2. The subject of... acids and bases is one o f... most interesting
in ... chcmistry. 3. I n ... 18th ccntury Lavoisier advanced... idea that oxygen
was the acidifying principle of all acids. 4. Following... discovery of oxygen
... emphasis was placcd o n ... composition o f... substanccs. 5. Many typical
neutralization reactions occur in ... nonaqucous solutions.
Ex. 8. Give the synonyms for the following:
lead to, a series of, following (the discovery), advance an idea,
thereafter, a conccpt, producc, exhibit
Ex. 9. Give the antonyms for the following:
long, the most popular, before, in the early 19th ccntury, useful,
extend, older
Ex. 10. Translate the scntcnccs into Russian.
I. One of the most controversial problems in chemistry was that of acids
and bases. 2. The development o f the hydrogen theory of acidity and
Faraday’s studies of electrolytic conductance led to the water-ion theory.
3. The role of solvent as an ioinizing medium for acid-base reactions was
pointed out. 4. The property in question was very useful for many reactions
in aqueous solutions. 5. The theory was important, but its many limitations
soon became apparent. 6. Analytical chcmistry detects, purifies, and answers
the questions “What?” and “How much?”. 7. A liquid solution, the occan,
covcrs three-fourths of the earth’s surfacc. 8. Any explosive substancc must
be handled with care. 9. Increase in pressure lessens the volume of a gas;
increase in temperature increases the volume. 10. Calcium and silicon
carbides arc representatives of the direct union of carbon with metals and
non-metals. 11. The word “chcmical purity” is connected with the thought
of absencc of constituents other than the substancc in question. 12. The
atomic theory was John Dalton's great contribution to the world’s knowledge.
13. The most important chcmical property of oxygen is its acidity. 14. Pure
sulphuric acid is a colourlcss, oily liquid about twice as heavy as water.
IS. Atoms of the same element, with the same nuclear charge, but with
different weights, arc callcd isotopes of that clement. 16. Science must always
answer at least two questions — “What?” and “Why?”. 17. No branch of
scicncc is broader in its scope than chcmistry. 18. In a strict sense, no
substancc is entirely insoluble. 19. The then president o f the Russian
Academy of Sciences was М. V. Lomonosov. 20. One solution is said to be
more concentrated or more dilute than another. 21. Water is the most widely
170
distributed compound. 22. The properties of plant dyes is the problem under
consideration. 23. Another factor of great importance is the proper selection
o f reacting substanccs. 24. Let us consider the second condition. 25. Every
year a great number of new discoveries arc made in chcmistry. 26. Wc
consider it a step forward to develop the new technology of obtaning this
material. 27. Both ways are possible. 28. The hypothesis under study may
prove to be right. 29. It is not always possible to predict the far-off results.
30. The data below must be taken into account in this consideration.
Ex. 11. Translate the scntcnccs into English without using a dictionary.
1. Рассматриваемая теория весьма противоречива. 2. В XVII сто
летии кислоты и основания описывали только на основе их поведе
ния. 3. Считалось, что основания — это вещества, способные нейт
рализовать кислоты и обладающие рядом других характерных
свойств. 4. После открытия кислорода большое внимание стали уде
лять составу веществ. 5. Развитие водородной теории кислотности и
изучение электролитической проводимости привело к созданию тео
рии Аррениуса. 6. Для кислотно-основных реакций очень важна роль
растворителя.
Ex. 12. Answer the following questions:
1. What substanccs were regarded as bases in the 17th century? 2. What
important discoveries led to the water-ion theory? 3. What is a base
according to Arrhenius? 4. What arc die objections to the Arrhenius theory?
5. What theory was proposed in 1923?
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