Scction III
— What is the subject of the next Iccture?
— Why should 1 know? (I’ve no idea.)
— Haven’t you been at the previous lecture?
up short dialogues according to the example.
general chcmistry. 4. Selenium resembles sulphur in many respects. 5. My
opinion is in no respect different from the author’s. 6. With respect to
their properties, halogens arc of particular interest.
Ex. 4. Analyse the following sentence:
The most important problem of chcmistry is that of explaining the
behaviour of substanccs.
Text 26 A
Liquids and Solutions
Solids and gases represent the extreme states o f behaviour of
molcculcs. The liquid state can be thought o f as an intermediate condition
in which some o f the properties found in cither solids or gases arc
displayed. Liquids, like gases arc isotropic and flow readily under applied
stress, but like solids, they arc dense, relatively incompressible, and have
properties that arc largely determined by the nature and strength of
intcrmolccular forces. With rcspect to molccular order, liquids arc
substanccs considered to be intermediate between solids and gases. The
fact that liquids arc isotropic tells us immediately that they do not have
the extended latticc structure and long-range order of solids. Yet, the
density o f a liquid is generally only 10% less than that of its solid phase;
this must mean that the molccules in a liquid arc packcd together with
some regularity, and do not exhibit the complete chaos associated with
molcculcs in the gas phase.
One of the most important properties o f liquids is their ability of acting
as solvents. In the first place, liquid solutions provide an extremely
convenient means of bringing together carefully measured amounts of
reagents and o f allowing them to react in a controlled manner. Sccond, the
nature of the reactions which proceed and the speed at which they occur
can be greatly influenced by the properties o f the liquid solvent medium.
Finally, the physical properties of solutions are interesting and important,
because they can be used to determine molccular weights of dissolved
substances and to study the nature and strength o f forces between solvent
and solute molcculcs.
One o f the most engaging and absorbing features of the study of
chcmistry is the attempt to explain the behaviour of bulk matter in terms
o f molccular properties. Therefore, it is important to outline a molccular
picture which will help us to understand and relate phenomena associated
with the liquid state.
Words and Word-Combinations to Be Memorized
ability, absorb, bulk, complete, convenient, display, engage, generally,
intermediate, intcrmolccular, lattice, a means, outline, reagent, range, with
respect to, solute, strength
174
I think of, display some properties, dense, intcrmolccular forces, with
respect to, immediately, the lattice structure, the long-range order, mean,
be packed together, provide a means of, carefully measured, procccd,
flnsUly, because, the behaviour o f bulk matter, outline a picture, be
associated with, the strength o f forces
Ex. 6. Give the English equivalents for the following:
поведение молекул, жидкое состояние, либо... либо..., главным
образом, порядок расположения молекул, занимать промежуточное
положение между, на 10% меньше (больше), плотность жидкости,
способность действовать в качестве растворителя, протекать с опре
деленной скоростью, оказывать большое влияние, физические свой
ства растворов, определить атомный вес, растворенное вещество,
растворитель, растворимое вещество
Ex. 7. Fill in the blanks with articles where ncccssary.
1
liquid state can be thought o f as intermediate condition between
... solids and gases. 2 .... properties of liquids arc determined by ... na
ture and strength o f ... intcrmolccular forces. 3— density o f ... liquid is
generally only 10% less than that o f ... solid. 4. Their ability of acting as
... solvents is one o f ... most important properties o f ... liquids. 5. It is
important to outline ... molccular picture o f ... liquid state.
Ex. 8. Give synonyms for the following:
think of, display, under stress, largely, immediately, little, allow,
influence, feature, explain
Ex. 9. Give antonyms for the following:
incompressible, extend, long-range, less, convenient, be influenced
by, most important
Ex. 10. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. One should follow the proceeding reaction very carefully.
2. Selenium, an element belonging to the sulphur group, is as much non-
metal as metal. 3. Many factors mentioned determine the reaction rate.
4. There is a striking resemblance between some elements. 5. St.
Petersburg University has its own publishing house. 6. The boiling point
of water is accepted to be 100°C. 7. Some objections were found to the
Arrhenius theory long believed to be true. 8. The most striking thing
about hydrogen is its extreme lightness. 9. An acid is defined as a
compound or an ion capable o f liberating a proton. 10. Two or more
atoms having identical nuclear charges but different numbers o f Acutrons
are said to be isotopes. 11. Ores containing as little as 2 per cent or even
less of copper or nickel arc worth mining. 12. Bond formation involving
\ Ex. 5. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
175
elements toward the middle o f the periodic tabic occurs by the proccss
of clcctron sharing. 13. There arc a number o f different procedures being
used in qualitative analysis. 14. The calculation o f hydrogen ion
concentration in a solution containing a weak clcctrolytc is a difficult
one for the average student first facing this problem. 15. Sulphur dioxide
is more than twicc as heavy as air and is one o f the most easily liquefied
gases known. 16. The term “heat” of combustion refers to the amount of
heat liberated per mole o f the substancc burned. 17. Many industrial
processes depend for their succcss upon the solubilities of the compounds
formed. 18. The system o f chcmical symbols now used was proposed by
the Swedish chcmist Berzelius in 1818.19. Fluorine, though for a long
time known to exist, was not isolated until 1886. 20. There has been,
sincc earliest times, an atomic hypothesis thought to be implied by the
diffusion and the compressibility of gases on the one hand and by the
symmetry of crystalline solids on the other. 21. The question o f the
composition of air long supposed to be one of the elements was solved
only in the 18th ccntury. 22. Dangerous bactcria in drinking water may
be killed by small amounts o f chlorinc. 23. An clement is represented by
certain letters for ease in writing. This symbol stands for one atom of the
element. 24. There arc numerous methods for demonstrating the spectra
o f many of the elements. 25. In qualitative analysis there is usually greater
difficulty in diagnosing the cations present than in recognizing the anions.
26. In English, wc have the practicc of naming chcmical elements in
Greek and Latin. 27. As a rule, there arc several ways o f preparing an
element. 28. Mercury has the property, unusual for a metal, o f being a
liquid at room temperature. 29. The phenomena likely to arise during
the experiment must also be taken into account. 30. The amount of the
pure metal ccrtain to be obtained for the ore can be calculated in the
following way.
Ex. 11. Translate the sentences into English without using a dictionary.
1. Жидкое состояние, которое, как обычно думают, является про
межуточным, проявляет некоторые свойства и твердых всщсств, и
газов. 2. Подобно твердым веществам, жидкости являются плотны
ми. 3. Плотность жидкости, как обычно считают, только на 10% мень
ше плотности твердого вещества. 4. Способность быть растворите
лем — одно из основных свойств любой жидкости. 5. Представить
себе молекулярное строение жидкости — одно из важнейших усло
вий понимания природы се свойств.
Ex. 12. Answer the following questions:
1. What arc the main states of matter? 2. What factors determine the
properties of liquids? 3. Is there any diffcrcncc in the density of solids,
liquids and gases? 4. Why arc liquids usually thought of as solvents? 5. How
can one understand the phenomena associated with the liquid state?
176
|