Ex. 2. State what parts оГ spccch the following words belong to:
mix, mixture, mixing, mixer, mixed, mixablc, misciblc, miscibility
Ex. 3. Define the meanings of the word
case in the following sentences:
1. Wc shall first limit ourselves to
the case of ideal solutions. 2. In
case a solute and its solution rcach equilibrium, a saturated solution
may result. 3. A homogeneous material has the same properties
throughout, it is far from
the case with heterogeneous materials.
4. According to their properties the halogens should be very reactive,
and this is really
the case. 5. Reacting with oxygen, an element
forms an
oxide in which
case the process is known as oxidation. 6. Phosphorus is
very active chemically, but this is not
the case with nitrogen. 7. During
oxidation, heat and light arc often liberated, in this
case the process is
callcd combustion. 8. It was supposed that oxidation o f copper could be
prevented under low temperatures, and such was
the case. 9. One cannot
cxpcct that gas molcculcs would always behave in the same way as is
the case with liquid molcculcs. 10. If there arc several ways o f doing
something, one should know all o f them so that he could choose anyone,
as
the case may be.
Ex. 4. Analyse the following sentence:
There arc many pairs o f substanccs which can be mixed in any
proportions to form homogeneous solutions.
Text 30 A
Solubility
While there arc many pairs o f substanccs which, like water and tfthyl
alcohol, can be mixed in any proportions to form homogeneous solutions,
it is a matter of common experience that the capacity of a solvent to dissolve
a given solute is often limited. When a solvent placed in contact with an
excess o f solute attains and maintains a constant concentration of solute,
the solute and solution arc at equilibrium, and the solution is said to be
saturated. The solubility of a substancc in a particular solvent at a given
temperature is the concentration of the solute in the saturated solution. In
other words, the solubility of a solute is the dissolved concentration
characteristic of the state of equilibrium between the solute and the solution.
It is difficult to overemphasize the importance of the conccpt o f solubility
to chcmistry; it is the basis o f innumerable laboratory and industrial
processes that prepare, separate, and purify chemicals, and is the controlling
factor in a variety of geological and other natural phenomena. The solubility
of a substancc in a particular solvent is controlled principally by the nature
o f the solvent and solute themselves, but also by the conditions of
temperature and pressure. To analyse these factors, wc shall first limit
ourselves to the ease of ideal solutions.
196
The liquids (hai form an ideal solution arc always misciblc in any
proportions and, thus, have infinite solubility in cach other. The reason
for this is easy to see if wc rccall two facts. First, limited solubility and
a saturated solution result only when a solute and its solution reach
equilibrium. Second, the equilibrium state is a compromise between a
natural tcndcncy toward minimum energy and maximum molccular chaos.
Now, the mixing o f two ideal liquids is always accompanied by an
increase in entropy or molccular chaos, bccausc
in the solution, the solute
molcculcs arc spread randomly throughout the solvent, rather than being
nearly closest packed as they arc in the pure solute. That is, even if wc
could locate one solute molcculc in solution, wc could not predict what
the identity of its nearest neighbours was, as wc could, if the molcculc
were in the pure solute phase. Consequently, the solution has a higher
entropy than the pure solvent and solute, and the tcndcncy toward
maximum molccular chaos favours the mixing o f the two liquids.
Moreover, the fact that there is no energy changc in the mixing proccss
means that the tcndcncy toward minimum energy docs not restrict the
solution proccss. Consequently, the two liquid components o f an ideal
solution can mix in any proportion.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: