Text 30 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 3,5 минуты).
Nonideal Solutions
Consider a solid substancc dissolving in a liquid solvent. The solid is
such that when melted, it is converted to a liquid that, in turn, can form an
ideal solution with the solvent. The dissolution of the solid can be pictured
as occurring in two hypothetical stages:
solid solute —» liquid solute —» solute in solution.
The second o f these steps docs not
involve any energy change, for the
solution formed is ideal. In contrast, the first step docs involve the
absorption of energy in the amount
per mole of solute. Consequently,
while the tendency toward maximum entropy favours the dissolution of
the solid, the tendency toward minimum energy favours the solid remaining
undissolvcd. Therefore, the solubility of the solid is limited, and a saturated
solution which represents the best compromise between maximizing
entropy and minimizing energy is formed. Since дНГд, is related to the
strength of attractive forces between solute molcculcs, wc can dcducc that
the magnitudes o f these same forces determine the solubility
of the solid
in ideal solutions.
By using some care, wc can extend our aigumcnts to nonidcal solutions.
Two liquids which mix with the evolution o f heat will be infinitely soluble
in each other, for both energy and entropy ciTccts favour their mixing.
Two liquids which mix with the absorption o f heat may have limited
solubility in each other, for if the mixing proccss is energetically
unfavourable, the tcndcncy toward maximum molccular chaos may or may
not be sufficient to allow the liquids to mix in all proportions. Likewise,
the solubility o f a solid is likely to be small if it enters the solution only
with considerable absorption of heat. On the other hand, if the dissolution
o f the solid is accompanied by evolution o f heat, the solubility of the solid
may be quite high. Even with these generalizations it is difficult to predict
or even rationalize qualitatively the solubilities of substanccs that form
markedly nonidcal solutions, for the energy and entropy changes that
accompany the mixing o f strongly irrcacting molcculcs arc subtle and
difficult to anticipate.
Упр. 3. Передайте основное содержание текста в нескольких пред
ложениях.
Упр. 4. Какое слово в тексте означает «представить себе»?
Упр. 5. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:
I. What hypothetical steps can be pictured when a melted solid is
dissolved? 2. At what stage docs the energy change take place? 3. Why is
the solubility of the solid limited? 4. What two liquids will be infinitely
soluble in each other? 5. When will the solubility of the solid be high?
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Упр. 6. Закончите следующие предложения:
1.
The magnitudes of the attractive forces determine... 2. Two liquids
will be infinitely soluble in cach other if they mix with... 3. Two liquids
mixing with the absorption of heat may have... 4. It is difficult to predict...
5. If the dissolution of the solid is accompanied by evolution of heat...
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