Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина
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1. All the halogens consist ... diatomic molecules. 2. The most common ... the halogens is chlorine. 3. Chlorine was first made ... the action... manganese dioxide... hydrochloric acid. 4. It was obtained by K.W. Schccic... 1774. 5. Now chlorinc is manufactured... a large scale ... the electrolysis ... a strong solution ... sodium chloride. 6. Bromine occurs... the form o f compounds... small quantities. 7. Bromine has an irritating effect ... the eyes and throat. 8. Iodine is an almost black crystalline solid ... a slightly metallic lustre. 9. The I2 molecules ... the solutions ... chloroform, carbon tetrachloridc and carbon disulphide closcly resemble the gas molcculcs. 10. The solution iodine ... alcohol is brow n... colour. Ex. 9. a) Check up if you remember the following: much гораздо , сравнительная степень fa r намного agreatdetd * л р и ш т ш к » -» 1тчшпаьт я Ш т и м р п и much darker, far less abundant, still harder, a great deal more, much lighter, much more beautiful, far less activc b) Translate the sentences into Russian. 1. The first solution of sodium chloride is much stronger than the second solution. 2. Fluorine is a great deal more activc than the other halogens. 3. Iodine is much heavier than bromine. 4. A surfacc coating protects some compounds from still further oxidation. 5. Potassium is much lighter than rubidium, and sodium is still lighter. 6. Amorphous boron is much more reactive chemically than is the harder, more expensive crystalline variety. 7. The nuclcus o f an atom is much smaller than is the atom itself. 8. Antimony is much more metallic in appcarancc and in properties than either phosphorus or arsenic. 9. Studies o f crystal chem istry have attracted much greater interest during the last decade than ever before. 10. Carbon tetrachloride is a liquid much more dense than water. 11. Bromine is far less abundant than chlorinc or fluorine. 12. Steel is far less brittle than cast iron. 66 1. The text that you must have read describes the properties of halogens. 2. This student can’t have started the reaction before learning the properties of the substanccs. 3. The author may have supposed that this description would help to understand his idea better. 4. The teacher may have spoken about such reactions, I don’t remember. 5. Mendeleyev could have presented his periodic system himself, but he was ill. 6. You ought to have been more attentive working in the laboratory. 7. The scientists of our faculty may have discovered some new properties of electrodes, now they arc writing an article on this problem. 8. Everyone must have noticcd a blue-violet vapour when iodine was being warmed. 9. The reaction may not proceed to completion without heating. 10. The laboratory assistant can’t have done all the work alone. 11. Our friends haven’t come yet, they must be still working in their laboratory. 12. You should have paid more attention to a theoretical course before starting your practice. 13. The reaction must have occurred, the colour ofthe reagents has changed. 14. Chemistry couldn't have reached the present level of development without the atomic theory. IS. The discovery of the periodic law must have been the greatest discovery in the nineteenth-century chemistry. 16. The researchers would have tested their results by experiment, but they had no all the necessary apparatus. 17. Newton may have thought that light was a stream of particles. 18. Suggestions were made as to what may have occurred during the reaction. Ex. 11. Translate the sentences into English. 1. Галогены— это элементы VII группы. 2. Все галогены состоят из двухатомных молекул. 3. Самый обычный из галогенов, хлор, — это зеленовато-желтый газ. 4. Хлор был впервые получен шведским химиком Шееле в 1774 году. 5. Сейчас хлор получают в больших мас штабах электролизом раствора хлорида натрия, б. Бром встречается в малых количествах в виде соединений в морской лоде и природных отложениях солей. 9. Йод также может встречаться в очень малых количествах в морской воде. Ex. 12. Make up questions to the italicized parts of the sentences. 1. Halogens may have interested chemists since early times (3). 2. Iodine is an almost black crystalline solid with a slightly metallic lustre (3). 3. The solutions of iodine in water containing potassium iodide and in alcohol are brown (3). Ex. 13. Answer the following questions: 1. What elements arc called halogens? 2. Why may the halogens have interested chemists? 3. What is the most common of the halogens? 4. When was chlorinc obtained? 5. In what way is chlorinc obtained now? 6. What kind of element is bromine? 7. Where docs bromine occur and in what form? 8. In what way is iodine made commercially? 9. What kind of element is iodine? Ex. lO.TYanslntc the sentences into Russian, paying attention to modal verbs. 67 |