Учебное пособие для специальностей «Переводческое дело» и«Иностранный язык: два иностранных языка»
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- Jutes , the Saxons and the Angles
- § 4. Periods in the history of the English language
| § 3. The Germanic Conquest
The Teutons (Germanic tribes) had started to make raids on the British shores long before the withdrawal of the Romans in 410 AD, but the crisis came with the withdrawal of the last Roman legion. The 5 th century was the age of the increased Germanic expansion. Reliable evidence of the events of the period is very scarce. The story of the invasion has come to us due to Bede the Venerable (673-735), a monastic scholar who wrote the first history of England, Historia Ecclesistica Gentis Anglorum . According to Bede, the invaders came to Britain in 449 AD under the leadership of two Germanic kings whose names were Hengist and Horsa. They started arriving on the east coast and gradually started pushing the Celts westward. The invaders of Britain came from the western subdivision of the Germanic tribes. They were: the Jutes , the Saxons and the Angles . By and by they replaced the Celts throughout the whole of England (apart from Cornwall), the eastern half of Wales and the southern half of Scotland. The Britons fought against the conquerors for about a century and a half – till about the year of 600. The Angles occupied most of the territory north of the Thames up to the Firth- of-Forth (the biggest part of it is now England and Lowland Scotland). The Saxons occupied the banks of the Thames and the remaining part of England southward. The Jutes settled in Kent, the Isle-of-Wight and the neighboring part of Hampshire. Since the settlement of these tribes in Britain the ties of their language with the European continent were broken and the further development of the language went in its own way. It is at this time that the history of the English language begins. § 4. Periods in the history of the English language Any lengthy history is always divided into parts or periods. For the English language, the conventional division includes three periods: Old English, for the period from beginnings to about 1100 AD, Middle English, for about 1100 to 1450/1500 AD and New, or Modern English, for the language from the sixteenth century to the present. The principal basis for these divisions lies in the changes in the systems of grammatical inflections: the times of most rapid changes in the inflectional system are represented by approximate dates. 15 The English scholar Henry Sweet (1845 - 1912), the author of a number of works on the English language and on its history, offered the following division of the history of the language: Old English (OE) – the period of full endings . This means that any vowel may be found in an unstressed ending. E.g. the word sinʒan has the vowel a in its unstressed ending, while the word sunu has the vowel u in a similar position; Middle English (ME) – the period of levelled endings . This means that vowels of unstressed endings have been levelled under a neutral vowel (something like [ə]), represented by the letter e . Thus OE sinʒan became ME singen , OE sunu became ME sune/sone , etc. New English or Modern English ( NE or MnE ) – the period of lost endings . This means that the endings are completely lost. E.g. OE sinʒan – MnE sing, OE sune – MnE son. жүктеу/скачать 1,38 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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