б) имеются маркеры времени:
just [ʤʌst] (только что), already [ɔːl'redɪ] (уже), never
(никогда), ever ['evə] (когда-либо), yet [jet] (ужe – в вопросительных
предложениях; ещe – в отрицательных предложениях).
We have just eaten our breakfast.
Мы только что позавтракали.
Carol has already arrived.
Кэрол уже прилетела.
80
Have you fixed your bicycle yet?
Ты уже починил свой велосипед?
Tom has not answered my email yet.
Том еще не ответил на мое
сообщение.
Have you ever visited a thermal reserve?
Ты когда-нибудь посещал термальный
заповедник?
I have never been to Australia.
Я никогда не был в Австралии.
81
2. действий, которые совершились в прошлом, но связаны с
незаконченным периодом времени.
Маркерами незаконченного периода времени являются:
a) обстоятельства времени today, this week, this month, this
semester
[sɪ'mestə].
Rob has had five cups of coffee today.
Роб выпил пять чашек кофе сегодня.
b) обстоятельства времени recently ['riːsntlɪ] (недавно – в
последние недели, месяцы), lately
['leɪtlɪ] (недавно – в
последние дни, недели) , so far (пока) , before (раньше).
Alice Ashton has recently published a book about
her travels.
Элис Эштон недавно опубликовала книгу о своих
путешествиях.
c) обстоятельства времени in/over the last few days (за последние
несколько дней), in/over the past few years (за последние
несколько лет).
We have met a lot of interesting people in the
last few days.
За последние несколько дней мы
познакомились со многими интересными
людьми.
82
3. действий,
которые начались в прошлом и все еще
продолжаются (с глаголами, не употребляющимися в Continuous)
Маркерами являются: for (в течение) и since
[sɪns] (с).
They have known Lucy for ten years.
Они знают Люси десять лет.
I have been here since early morning.
Я здесь с раннего утра.
2. ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ PRESENT PERFECT
Present Perfect образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to have
(формы have и has) и причастия II
Лицо / число
Утвердительная
форма
Отрицательная
форма
Вопросительная
форма
1 л. ед. ч.
2 л. ед. ч.
3л. ед. ч.
1 л. мн. ч.
2 л. мн. ч.
3 л. мн. ч.
I have done
You have done
He has done
She has done
It has done
We have done
You have done
They have done
I have not done
You have not done
He has not done
She has not done
It has not done
We have not done
You have not done
They have not done
Have I done?
Have you done?
Has he done?
Has she done?
Has it done?
Have we done?
Have you done?
Have they done?
83
3. СТРУКТУРА ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЙ В PRESENT PERFECT
CТРУКТУРА УТВЕРДИТЕЛЬНОГО ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
I
have seen
him
today.
СТРУКТУРА ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНОГО ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
всп.гл. not смысл. гл.
I
have not seen
him
today.
СТРУКТУРА ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНОГО ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
ОБЩИЙ ВОПРОС
Всп.
гл.
П
Ост/ч
Ск
Доп
Об-во
Have
you
seen
him
today?
СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫЙ ВОПРОС
(ко всем членам предложения кроме подлежащего)
Вопр.
сл.
Всп.
гл.
П
Ост/ч
Ск
Доп
Об-во
Whom
has
he
seen
–
today?
СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫЙ ВОПРОС К ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕМУ
Вопр.сл.
Ск
Доп Об-во
Who
has seen
him
today?
П
Ск
Доп
Об-во
П
Ск
Доп
Об-во
84
VI. EXERCISES
1. Read the transcribed words.
A.
[ˈstɪɡmə],
[ˈvaɪəbl],
[aɪˌkɔnəˈklæstɪk],
[ˈsætʃəˌreɪt],
[ˈtaɪˌreɪd],
[səbˈstænʃiːˌeɪt], [ˌmægnəˈnɪmətiː], [ɪnˈkɔ:pəˌreɪt], [fruːˈɡæləti], [nɔstˈældʒɪə],
[ˈnepətɪzm], [əˈblɪvɪəs], [ˈpʌlmənərɪ], [ˈreprəˌma:nd], [ˈrepətwa:], [sɪˈnɪlətiː],
[ˈsedənˌteriː], [ˈskeɪpˌgout], [ˈsʌtəlti], [sə:ˈveɪləns], [ˌθerəˈpju:tɪk], [ˈtə:bjuləns],
[ˌzenəˈfəubɪə], [ji:ld], [jəuk], [ˈzenɪθ], [ˈzefə], [ˈwɪzədrɪ], [ˈjoumən], [ˈtə:mɪnəs],
[ˈsɪblɪŋ], [ˈskə:mɪʃ], [ʃi:ð], shrewd [ʃru:d], [presˈti:ʒ], [prəɡˈnɔstɪkeɪt],
[prouˈkræstɪneɪt], [pɔsˈterɪtɪ], [ˈpræɡmətɪst].
B. [ˌæbə'rɪʤənəl], [ədˈmaɪə], [ədˈventʃə], ['ɑːkɪtekʧə], [ɔs'treɪlɪə], [bəʊt],
[ˈbreθˌteɪkɪŋ], [ˈkænjən], [kə'mjuːnətɪ], [kaʊnt], [ˈkʌzn], [ˈsaɪkl], [ˈdezət], [ˈdaɪəri],
[ˈdjʊərɪŋ], [ɪkˈsplɔː], [ˈɡiːzə], [ɡest], [ˌkæŋɡəˈruː], [kəˈrɑːti], [nɪt], [ˈnjuːmərəs],
[ˈriːsəntli], [rɪˈzɜːv], [spekˈtækjʊlə], [ˈswetə], ['θɜːməl], [θruː], [ˈwɔːkɪŋ tʊə], [ˈweðə
ˈfɔːkɑːst], [jet].
2. Make the sentences negative and interrogative.
1. Jack has lost his key 2. Mary has gone to Canada. 3. The Smiths have been to Italy.
4. Mr. Trenton has been a car salesman since 1999. 5. They have done their shopping.
6. I have always wanted to travel abroad. 7. The schoolchildren have planted ten trees
today. 8. Jerry has just talked to his friend. 9. She has been to New York twice this
year. 10. Ed Prior has won a lot of medals. 11. Lucy has had a cold for two days. 12.
We have traveled by boat today. 13. Liz has studied very much this semester. 14. Fred
has been sick a lot in the past few years.
3. Put special questions to the italicized words.
1. I have seen Lisa three times in the last few days (3). ……………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
2. She has been ill since Monday (2). ……………………………………………..….
3. George has not emailed to me lately (2). …………………………………………....
4. The Browns have already moved to a bigger house (3). ……………………….….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….….
……………………………………………………………………………………………..…..….
5. Mary has found a new job (3). …………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………..……………….….….
……………………………………………………………………………………...……….….….
6. I have known them for six years (3). ……………………………………..…….…..
………………………………………………………………………………………………..……
7. Alice Ashton has visited more countries than she can count (1). ……….…………
8. She has been to Australia twice (3). …………………………………………….….
85
……………………………………………………………………………………………….…….
……………………………………………………………………………………………..…..….
9. My car has just broken down (2). …………………………….………….……..…..
10. Tony has been in Japan for two months (3). ……………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. Karen has passed her driving test this week (1). …………………..……….……
12. Mr. and Mrs. Roberts have lived in Adelaide all their lives (2)……...……..……
……………………………………………………………………………………………..….….
13. Martin has never visited the Modern Art Gallery (3). ………………………..…..
……………………………………………………………………………………………..…..….
……………………………………………………………………………………………..…..….
14. I have done four English exercises so far (2). …………………………………..…
4. Match Column A with Column B.
Column A
Column В
1 Jerry hasn't typed
a visited Japan?
2 She has always
b talked to them
3 Have you ever
с the letter yet
4 We've already
d to New York twice this year
5 Tim has already been
e known them?
6 How long have you
f wanted to be a singer
5. Open the brackets using Present Perfect.
A. 1. I (sail) across the Atlantic. 2. He (lose) his passport. 3. She (to make) a sweater
for her grandson. 4. He just (go) out. 5. Johnny finally (find) his keys. 6. We have
already (talk) about it. 7. He has just (say) something about it. 8. She (tell) us a very
interesting story. 9. Rob recently(visit) Canada and the USA. 10. We have (have) two
lessons today.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |