Учебное пособие состоит из двух частей и англо-русского словаря. Материалом для пособия послужило американское издание для изучающих компьютер P. Norton "Introduction to Computers"
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| Central Processing Unit (CPU)
I. Read and translate the text: Two components handle processing in a computer: the central processing unit, or CPU, and the memory. They are located on the computer's motherboard, the circuit board that connects the CPU to the other hardware devices. The CPU, or processor, is the place where data is manipulated. In a personal computer, the processor usually consists of one or more microprocessors (sometimes called "chips") which are slivers of silicon or other material with many tiny electronic circuits. The CPU has two basic parts: the control unit and the arithmetic logic unit. The Control Unit All the computer's resources are managed from the control unit. The control unit directs the flow of data through the CPU, and to and from other devices. The CPU's instructions for carrying out commands are built into the control unit. The instructions, or instruction set, list all the operations that the CPU can perform. Each instruction in the instruction set is expressed in microcode – a series of basic directions that tells the CPU how to execute more complex operations. When the control unit encounters an instruction that involves arithmetic or logic, it passes that instruction to the second component of the CPU, the arithmetic logic unit, or ALU. The Arithmetic Logic Unit Because all computer data is stored as numbers, the processing involves comparing numbers or carrying out mathematical operations. The computer performs two types of operations: arithmetic operations and logical operations. Arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Logical operations include the following ones: “equal to”, “not equal to”, “greater than”, or “less than”. The ALU includes a group of registers – high-speed memory locations in the CPU that are used to hold the data currently being processed. For example, the control unit may load two numbers from memory into the registers in the ALU. Then it may tell the ALU to divide the two numbers (an arithmetic operation) or to see whether the numbers are equal (a logical operation). Each time the CPU executes an instruction, it takes a series of steps that is called a machine cycle. A machine cycle can be broken down into two smaller cycles: the instruction cycle and the execution cycle. During the instruction cycle the CPU takes two steps: fetching (the control unit retrieves, or “fetches”, a command or data from the computer's memory) and decoding (the control unit breaks down, or decodes, the command into instructions that correspond to those in the CPU's instruction set. At this point, the CPU is ready to begin the execution cycle. When the command is executed, the CPU carries out the instructions in order by converting them into microcode. The CPU may be required to store the results of an instruction in memory (but this condition is not always required). Vocabulary: 1. to handle ['hxndl] – оперировать, манипулировать, обрабатывать 2. to locate [lqu'keit] – располагать, размещать; to be located – располагаться, размещаться 3. motherboard ['mADq'bLd] – системная плата, материнская плата 4. circuit board ['sq:kit bLd] – монтажная плата 5. to connect [kq'nekt] – соединять 6. chip [tSip] – микросхема, кристалл (полупроводника) 7. sliver ['slivq] – зд. пластина 8. silicon ['silikqn] – кремний 9. tiny ['taini] – крошечный 10. circuit ['sq:kit] – схема 11. basic ['beisik] – основной 12. control unit [kqn'trqul 'ju:nit] – устройство (блок) управления 13. arithmetic logic unit (ALU) [q'riTmqtik 'loGik 'ju:nit] – арифметическое устройство 14. to manage ['mxniG] – управлять 15. flow [flqu] – поток (данных) 16. through [Tru:] – через 17. to carry out ['kxri aut] – выполнять 18. command [kq'mRnd] – команда 19. to build (built, built) [bild] – строить, создавать 20. to list [list] – перечислять, составлять список 21. each [i:tS] – каждый 22. to express [iks'pres] – выражать 23. microcode ['maikrqkqud] – микрокоманда, микрокод 24. a series (of) ['siqriqs] – ряд (чего-л.) 25. to direct [di'rekt] – направлять, указывать, предписывать direction [di'rekSn]– направление, указание, предписание 26. complex ['kompleks] – сложный 27. to encounter [in'kauntq] – сталкиваться 28. to involve [in'volv] – включать в себя, содержать 29. to pass [pRs] – передавать, пропускать 30. because [bi'kLz] – так как, поскольку 31. to store [stL] – хранить, запоминать 32. to compare [kqm'pFq] – сравнивать 33. addition [q'diSn] – сложение 34. subtraction [sqb'trxkSn] – вычитание 35. multiplication [‚mAltipli'keiSn] – умножение 36. division [di'viZn] – деление 37. the following ['folquiN] – следующее 38. equal (to) ['i:kwql] – равный (чему-л.) 39. greater (than) ['greitq] – больше (чем) 40. less (than) [les] – меньше (чем) 41. register ['reGistq] – регистр 42. high-speed ['haispi:d] – высокоскоростной 43. memory location ['memqri lqu'keiSn] – ячейка памяти 44. for example [fqrig'zRmpl] = for instance [fqr'instqns] – например 45. to load [lqud] – загружать 46. whether ['weDq] – ли 47. step [step] – шаг 48. to call [kLl] – называть 49. machine cycle [mq'Si:n 'saikl] – машинный цикл 50. to break (broke, broken) down [breik 'daun] – разбивать 51. instruction cycle [ins'trAkSn 'saikl] – командный цикл 52. execution cycle [‚eksi'kju:Sn'saikl] – исполнительный цикл 53. to fetch [fetS] – выбирать (команду или данные из памяти) fetching – выборка, загрузка 54. to retrieve [ri'tri:v] – отыскивать 55. to correspond (to) [‚koris'pond] – соответствовать (чему-л.) 56. to be ready ['redi] – быть готовым 57. order ['Ldq] – порядок; in order – по порядку 58. condition [kqn'diSn] – условие II. Answer the questions: What components of a computer system handle data processing? Where are the memory and the central processing unit located? What is the computer’s motherboard? What is a microprocessor? What are the basic parts of a microprocessor? What is the function of the control unit? What does the instruction set include? What is a microcode? What two types of operations does the computer perform? What do arithmetic operations include? What logical operations are performed by the ALU? What is the task of registers? What is a machine cycle? What are the parts of a machine cycle? What operations does the CPU perform during the instruction cycle? execution cycle? III. Tell whether the following statements are true or false: The CPU’s instruction set tells the computer what operations any application program can perform. Data is manipulated in memory. In a personal computer, the processor usually consists of one or more microprocessors. The computer can perform two types of operations: arithmetic operations and geometric operations. Arithmetic and logical operations are carried out by the CPU’s arithmetic logic unit. The control unit directs the flow of data through the CPU, and to and from other devices. The CPU's instructions for carrying out commands are built into the arithmetic logic unit. Processing is a series of basic directions that tells the CPU how to execute more complex operations. Addition and subtraction are logical operations. Registers are used to hold the data currently being processed. Arithmetic logic unit performs only logical operations. When the CPU executes an instruction, it takes a series of steps, called an instruction cycle. IV. Fill in the blanks: The CPU has two basic parts: the ____________ and the _____________. When the control unit encounters an instruction that involves ______________ or ______________ , it passes the instruction to the ALU. A machine cycle can be broken down into two smaller steps: the ______________ and the ________________. The central processing unit, or CPU, and the memory are located on _____________. The control unit directs _________ through the CPU. Each instruction in the instruction set is expressed in _____________. The processing involves __________ numbers or _________ mathematical operations. Arithmetic operations include _________, _________, __________, and __________. A series of steps the CPU takes is called _____________. During the instruction cycle the CPU takes two steps: ____________ and __________. V. Choose the right answer: 1. Which two components handle processing in a computer? The CPU and the motherboard c. The CPU and the hard disk (жёсткий диск) The CPU and memory d. None of the above 2.Which of the following manages all the computer’s resources? a. The control unit c. The memory b. The arithmetic logic unit d. The motherboard Registers are built into the Motherboard c. CPU Memory d. None of the above Which of the following is not a step in a CPU’s machine cycle? Fetching c. Executing Decoding d. Processing Every logical operation has a(an) Microcode c. Opposite (противоположная) Instruction set d. Arithmetic logic unit Which of the following is not an arithmetic operation? Addition c. Equal to Subtraction d. Division What operation does the CPU perform during the instruction cycle? Machine cycle c. Executing Fetching d. Storing VI. Match each item to the correct statement below: Control unit c. Machine cycle Arithmetic logic unit d. Memory 1. Performs math operations. 4. Manages all the computer’s resources. 2. Fetching is the first step. 5. Stores the results of operations. 3. Includes registers. 6. Directs the flow of data. a. Microcode c. Register b. Microprocessor d. Motherboard 7. Place where the CPU and memory are located. A sliver of silicon or other material with many tiny electronic circuits. Used to hold the data currently being processed. Tells the CPU how to execute more complex operations. VII. Speak on the contents of the text using the following chart: Text 3 Memory I. Read and translate the text: The CPU contains the basic instructions to operate the computer, but it cannot store entire programs or large sets of data permanently. It contains registers which are small areas that can hold only a few bytes at a time. In addition to registers, the CPU has millions of bytes of space where it can quickly read or write programs and data in use. This area is called memory. Physically, memory consists of chips either on the motherboard or on a small circuit board attached to the motherboard. This electronic memory allows the CPU to store and retrieve data quickly. There are two types of memory: read-only memory, or ROM, and random access memory, or RAM. жүктеу/скачать 0,7 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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