В. А. Шляхова, О. Н. Герасина, Ю. А. Герасина английский язык для экономистов english for economists

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TEXT III
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Key words:
railway network – сеть железных дорог,
heavy industry – тяжелая промышленность,
strong effect – сильное влияние,
growth in the production – рост производства,
reduction – снижение,
industrial output – объем промышленного производства,
monetary system – денежная система,
consumption – потребление,
to some extent – в какой-то степени.
From the History of Russian Economy
From 1917 until 1991 Russia (then the R.S.F.S.R.) played a lead-
ing role in the economy of the Soviet Union. The development of 
mining, metallurgy, and heavy engineering, the expansion of the 
railway network, and an increase in the energy supply had a strong 
effect on the Russian republic. In addition to further growth in 
the production of oil, gas, electricity and in the chemical indust-
ries —there was a marked diversification in industrial output 
including a limited expansion in consumer goods.
In 1992, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the govern-
ment of the Russian Federation conducted a series of radical re-
forms designed to transform the Russian economy from planned 
and controlled to one based on a free market. Major components 
of the reforms included establishing privately owned industrial 
and commercial enterprises, with foreign as well as Russian in-
vestments.
These measures caused considerable hardships for the average 
Russian citizen. The monetary system was destroyed: the removal 
of price controls caused a great escalation of inflation and prices, the 

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value of the ruble plummeted, and real incomes fell dramatically. 
Industrial and agricultural production declined, and unemployment 
rose, causing shortages of consumer goods. These difficulties were 
reduced to some extent by the rapid development of a large infor-
mal (i.e., black market) economy. The result of these trends was the 
appearance of a great gap between a successful businessman and 
average worker. Conditions began to improve by the mid-1990s, 
but both production and consumption remained below the peak 
levels achieved under the Soviet economic system.
In addition to these difficulties, Russia and other republics had 
been subjected to serious, environmental degradation, the full ex-
tent of which became apparent only in the 1990s. The most visible 
aspects of this situation, such as the Chernobyl accident and the 
reduction in the water volume of the Aral Sea, were symptomatic 
of wasteful agricultural practices and resource exploitation, and of 
widespread industrial pollution.
Since then Russia has faced the multiple tasks of introducing 
market mechanisms into its economy, trying to modernize heavy 
industries and service industries.
Today the economic structure of the country is divided into 11 
economic regions: the North, Northwest, Central, Volga-Vyatka, 
Central Black Earth, North Caucasus, Volga, Ural, West Siberia, 
East Siberia, and the Far East.

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