Fig. 4.16. Corrosionally exposed coulisse in Chemovitskich Speleologov Chamber (Photo
S. Volkov).
Fig. 4.17. Example of coulisses-barriers with holes in them from the Centralny area of the
cave (Photo V. Kiselov)
Fig. 4.18. Examples of twisting of thin coulisses (Privchodovy area) (Photo V.
Andreychouk, B. Ridush).
Fig. 4.19. Examples of crossing of coulisses in the roof of the cave corridors (A -
Privchodovy area, Б - Stadion gallery) (Photo B. Ridush, S. Volkov).
Fig. 4.20. Orientation of carbonate coulisses in the Zoloushka Cave.
Fig. 4.21. Distribution of fault zones breaking up gypsum into micro-blocks at the
background of the cave area of the Zoloushka (according to Salomatin et al., 1985):
1 - measurement sites of the tensions of natural impulsive electromagnetic field of the
Earth, 2 - zones of micro-block faults, 3 - micro-blocks with similar (within them) values of
filed tensions and their sudden decrease or increase at the borders of microblocks.
Fig. 4.22. Hypergenic (weathering) fissures and technogenic fissures in upper part of
gypsum layer in the wall of Krivski quarry.
Fig. 4.23. Intensification of corrosional widening of a filtration fissure during the impact of
the filtration stream (under pressure) on their walls.
Fig. 4.24. Location of main zones of ascending drainage of waters (hatched) in the cave
and its direct surrounding.
Fig. 4.25. Changes of the size and morphology of cave corridors in Maiskiy Chamber,
from its centre to peripheries. Arrows - direction of ascending drainage of groundwaters.
Fig. 4.26. Models of ascention of groundwater along fissures (B - linear), and at their
crossings (Б - focal).
Fig. 4.27. Scheme of development of vertical cylindrical cave wells:
1 - structural predispositions (joined coulisses and their deep penetration in gypsum), 2 -
initial stage: fissure ascention of waters, 3 - active stage: concentration of ascending
stream in central channel - at the crossing of coulisses, a gradual corrosional widening of
398
the channel, 4 - modern stage: vertical well which opens upwards in the wall of the
corridor of the upper horizon, with root-like galleries at the base.
Fig. 4.28. Map of galleries going out from Suchoy Kolodec with a large blind erosional
dome in the roof (map of Smirnov, Speleological Club Primus, Perm).
Fig. 4.39. Results of morphological fissuring hydrodynamic competition:
1 - different intensity of karstification of a vertical fissure because of its uneven width, 2 -
different intensity of karstification of corridors according to initial width of fissures, 3 -
morphological profiles connected with infilled (coulisses) fissures.
Fig. 4.30. Hypothetical fragment of a structural-space junction of the upper (A) and lower
(Б) system of cave corridors:
A: 1 - corridors developed along primary fissures (fissure filler was partly removed at the
stage of speleogenesis), 2 - upper corridors, of smaller dimensions, developed along
coulisses, with underdeveloped canyon part, 3 - cylindrical well (outlet), thick line -
coulisses in the upper part of gypsum. Б: 1 - ascending canals joined with 1 on Fig. A,
developed along tectonically activated (deepened) primary fissures (1 on Fig. A) of NW-
NE directions, 2 - lower corridors, which have not developed upwards because of small
primary opening of fissures, with coulisses in the roof (lower edges of coulisses), 3 -
cylindrical well (the base opened in the roof), blind erosional dome. Thin lines - lower
edges of coulisses (endings get thinner) which are shown on Fig. A.
Fig. 4.31. Corrosional smoothening of walls of tectonically opened fissures with uneven
parts:
1 - fissure in initial stage, 2 - division of a fissure into fragments of the same length (L
1
-L
4
)
but different surface (S
1
-S
8
) which results from uneven walls (S
1
=S
2
, S
3
>S
4
, S
5
6
, S
7
=S
8
),
3 - differentiated (concentration on uneven parts) corrosional impact of waters on fissure
walls leading to vanishing of uneven parts.
Fig. 4.32. Corrosional development of a closed fissure with local dilatations:
1-3 - stages: 1 - initial, 2 - concentration of corrosional impact in places of local
dilatations, 3 - fissure with oval corrosional dilatations.
Fig. 4.33. Situation near Filipovco Lake: a corridor of the lower horizon developed
vertically along a hydrodynamically active fissure to its filled (coulisse) part, which is
opened in the side canyon part of the larger cave corridor:
1 - gypsum, 2 - part of a carbonate coulisse-filler hidden in gypsum, 3 - uncovered
(protruded) part of a coulisse, 4 - water inflow, 5 - clayey cave sediments.
Fig. 4.34. Examples of rosary-shaped microforms of different size in walls (A) and roofs
(Б) of cave corridors.
Fig. 4.35. Increase of a fissure width in time caused by filtration stream. A continuous line
shows the change of a mean fissure width, a dotted line shows the change of a width of its
different sections (according to Czemyshov, 1983).
Fig. 4.36. Some examples of cave wall corrosion (between neighboring passages) with
formation of corrosion holes in it (A) and fragments of columns destroyed by corrosion (Б)
(photo V. Andreychouk)
Fig. 4.37. Development of pillared chambers by corrosional junction of cave corridors:
A - example of pillared chambers of the cave: 1 - Maiskiy, 2 - Chernovitskich
Speleologov, 3 - Dinozavra, B: stipulated stages of morphological development of a local
cave area from a fissure system to a cave labyrinth (fragments taken from different parts
of the cave).
Fig. 4.38. Morphology of underground cavities in Pivnice area.
Fig. 4.39. Subsidence-squeezing of plastic clay sediments from the upper located
corridors into a "cellar" horizon developed under the layer of crystalline limestone.
399
Chapter 5
Fig. 5.1. Morphological-morphometric regionalisation of the cave.
Fig. 5.2. Privchodowy (Entering) area.
Fig. 5.3. Zabludshich (Lost) area.
Fig. 5.4. Road to Filipovco Lake (Photo V. Kiselov).
Fig. 5.5. Perspectiv (Perspective) area.
Fig. 5.6. Characteristic large corridors of a specific diamond cross-section in the sub-area
Sistema D (System D) of Perspectiv (Perspective) area (Photo V. Andreychouk, V.
Kiselov).
Fig. 5.7. High corridor in Svinya (Pig) sub-area (photo B. Ridush).
Fig. 5.8. Gallery Stadion (Stadium) (Photo V. Kiselov).
Fig. 5.9. Area Zal Czernovickich Speleologov (Chamber of Chernovtcy Speleologists).
Fig .5.10. North-western (pillared) part of Czernovickich Seleologov Chamber (Photo B.
Ridush).
Fig. 5.11. Wide galleries of Czernovickich Speleologov Chamber divided by narrow
pillared barriers (Photo V. Kiselov).
Fig. 5.12. Clayey Zoloushka in Chernovitskich Speleologov Chamber.
Fig. 5.13. Maiskiy (May) area.
Fig. 5.14. Centralny (Central) area.
Fig. 5.15. Side canyon corridor adjacent to larger gallery in Centralny area filled in lower
part with clay sediments (Photo V. Kiselov).
Fig. 5.16. Clayey stalactites on the uneven surface of carbonate coulisse (Photo S.
Volkov).
Fig. 5.17. Zapadny-Anakonda (West-Anaconda) area.
Fig. 5.18. Vesioly (Joyful) area.
Fig. 5.19. Gollandskiy Syr (Switzerland Cheese) area
Fig. 5.20. Kamikadze (Kamikaze) area.
Fig. 5.21. Metropoliten (Metropolitan) area.
Fig. 5.22. Typical view of corridors in Metropoliten area:
A - tunnel of diamond cross-section in the north-western part of the area, Б - large
corridor typical for the southern part of the area (Photo V. Andreychouk, photo V. Kiselov).
Fig. 5.23. Oziorny (Litoral) area.
Fig. 5.24. Characteristic galleries and corridors of Oziorny area (Photo V. Kiselov).
Fig. 5.25. Goticzeskij (Gothic) area.
Fig. 5.26. Dinozavra (Dinosaur) Chamber (A) and a typical corridor adjacent to the
chamber (Б) (Photo V. Kiselov).
Fig. 5.27. Canyon corridors in the southern part of Goticzeskij area (Colorado sub-area)
(Photo V. Kiselov).
Fig. 5.28. Wostochny (Eastern) area.
Fig. 5.29. Dalniewostochny (Far-East) area.
Fig. 5.30. Kamchatka area.
Fig. 5.31. The method of bordering of the cave's area in order to calculate its surface and
block's volume.
Fig. 5.32. Differentiation of the cave's area taking into account height parameters (1),
width parameters (2) and isometric character of the corridors.
Fig. 5.33. Differentiation of the cave's area taking into account the following parameters of
the following indices: surface karstification (1), volume karstification (2), and number of 3-
radial cuttings (3).
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Fig. 5.34. Differentiation of the cave's area taking into account the following indices:
corridor density (1), specific surface (2), volume (3) of cave's areas.
Chapter 6
Fig. 6.1. Quarry with a lake, water of which is pumped out and disposed into the Pacak
river channel.
Fig. 6.2. Direction of flow of underground waters within the cave:
A - before the cave establishment (in natural conditions, without human impact), Б - after
the quarry establishment when groundwater had been already pumped put.
Fig. 6.3. Hydrogeological situation within the cave: A - block-diagram of the cave block, Б
- water inflow to the cave labyrinth (1981):
A: 1 - old karst dolines, 2 - fresh sinkholes, 3 - underground cavities, 4 - groundwater
flow to the quarry, 5 - directions of karst water flow, 6 - lowering and deformations of the
surface of groundwater table.
Б: 1 - zone of small (up to 1 m) fluctuations of the lowered groundwater table, 2 - zone of
considerable (1-3 m and more) periodical (cyclical and non-cyclical) fluctuations of the
lowered groundwater table, 3 - isolines of the surface of groundwater aquifer
(interpolation).
Fig. 6.4. Typical degradation reservoirs (lakes) in the central part of the cave: A - Nautilus
Lake, Б - Krokodil Lake (Photo S. Volkov).
Fig. 6.5. Secondary erosion canyon which developed in clayey floor sediments of the
cave corridor due to erosion of periodical flows between cave reservoirs in the stage of
degradation of water-bearing horizon.
Fig. 6.6. Content of organic carbon in waters of cave reservoirs (data by S. Volkov).
Fig. 6.7. Change of microelement content in Krokodil lake waters according to the depth
(data by S. Volkov).
Fig. 6.8. Change of pH and mineralisation of Krokodil Lake waters according to the depth
(data by S. Volkov).
Fig. 6.9. Change of chemical composition and sulphate intensity in waters of cave
reservoirs according to depth (according to Aksem, Klimchouk, 1988).
Fig. 6.10. Change of pH and content of Fe
2+
and Fe
3+
in cave lake waters according to
depth.
Chapter 7
Fig. 7.1. Mechanism and development stages of collapse processes over the cave at the
technogenic stage of development.
Fig. 7.2. Hazard of collapse development in the cave area in different periods of year and
different weather:
1 - insignificant, 2 - significant, 3 - large, 4- very large.
Fig. 7.3. Gravitational pressing of clayey sediments covering the cave from a gravitational
(collapse) pipe.
Fig. 7.4. Karst relief of the area located over the cave (part, pre-technogenic stage).
Fig. 7.5. Mechanism of sinkholes development over the cave. This process dominated
during pre-technogenic stage of cave development.
Fig. 7.6. Relationship between the number of goafs (underground debris cones) and
morphometric parameters of the cave (vertical - number of goafs in different cave areas).
401
Fig. 7.7. Lateral distribution of goafs which originated before (pre-technogenic goafs) and
after uncovering (activated and new goafs) the cave by the quarry and its draining by
pumping out the waters:
1 - general number of goafs in the cave area, 2 - old (pre-technogenic) goafs at 2,3,4
stages of development, 3 - technogenically activated goafs at 2,3,4,5 stages of
development, 4 - technogenic (young) goafs at 2,3 stages of development.
Fig. 7.8. Distribution of pre-technogenic, technogenically activated and technogenic goafs
in the central part of the cave.
Fig. 7.9. Distance of different areas of the cave from the entrance and the relationship (K)
of the number of technogenic (technogenically activated) goafs to the number of pre-
technogenic goafs.
Fig. 7.10. Projection of gravitational domes overlapping each other at different stages of
subsidence process (parts of the cave located near the entrance) over the surface of the
cave area:
1 - cave cavities, 2 - part of the cave devastated by the quarry, 3 - isolines of the
thickness of covering (over-gypsum) deposits, 4 - cavity under the limestone floor, 5 -
dome-like cavity in clay (stage 3), 6 - stage 4, 7 - dome-like cavity in loess deposit (stage
5), 8 - karst dolines over the cave, 9 - quarry escarpment, 10 - profile (see Fig. 7.11.).
Fig. 7.11. Cross-sections to Fig. 7.10.
Fig. 7.12. Map of the assessment of sinkhole hazard over the cave (part - near-entrance
parts of the cave):
Microareas: 1 - very dangerous, 2 - dangerous, 3 - relatively dangerous, 4 - relatively
safe, 5 - safe, 6 - part of the cave devastated by the quarry, 7 - karst dolines over the
cave, 8 - quarry escarpment.
Chapter 8
Fig. 8.1. Distribution of main genetic types of cave sediments in Zoloushka Cave:
1 - water mechanical sediments (layered cave silt), 2 - residual and detrical sediments
(clayey-carbonate sediments), 3 - areas with water inflow. Water chemogenic sediments
(iron-manganese sediments): areas of surface development: 4 - mainly ferruginous
sediments, 5 - mainly manganese sediments, 6 - films, 7 - layers, 8 - layered-mixed
bodies (iron-manganese "layered-cakes"), 9 - concentration of iron hydroxides, 10 -
concentration of manganese hydroxides, 11 - stalagmite-like forms built of iron
hydroxides, 12 - stalactite-like forms built of manganese hydroxides, 13 - forms similar to
microstalagnates.
Fig. 8.2. Characteristic profiles of cave sediments in the floors of cave corridors.
Fig. 8.3. The cave's host Zoloushka (Cinderella) made of cave silt:
A - figure of Zoloushka in the centre of Chernovitskich Speleologov Chamber (next to
the table there are human figures made of clay) (Photo B. Ridush), Б - Zoloushka - close-
up (Photo S. Volkov).
Fig. 8.4. Dripstone-silty sediments on the wall and roof of the cave:
A: stalactites on a carbonate coulisse, area of Fragmenty Lake, Б - silty-dripstone cover
on a coulisse wall, Venecja area, В - silty stalactites 15-20 cm long, Metropoliten area, Г
- silty roof with stalactite cover, Stalaktitovy Kuluar, Venecja area (Photo V.
Andreychouk), Д - cave corridor with stalactites on the roof and walls, Korigor
Stalaktitovy, Venecja area, E - cave corridor with stalactites in Centralny area (Photo S.
Volkov).
402
Fig. 8.5. Lamination of cave silts. In the upper 15 cm part of the profile two zones are
visible: lower with thicker (1-2 mm) motley lamines and lower with more uniform in terms
of colours thinner (less than 1 mm) silt lamines (Photo S. Volkov).
Fig. 8.6. Silty lamines under microscope (magnitude 120X). White layers - calcite
cementing quartz grains (data S. Volkov).
Fig. 8.7. Typical colours of the Zoloushka Cave landscape. Corridor near Metropoliten
area.
Fig. 8.8. Films of manganese (dark) hydroxides and iron (yellow) hydroxides on a gypsum
wall.
Fig . 8.9. Exposed laminę of manganese hydroxides on the silty floor of a cave corridor.
Fig. 8.10. 10-cm thick layer of iron hydroxides on the floor of a cave corridor.
Fig. 8.11. Ferruginous-manganese stalagmites in the Wesioly area:
A - pipe-like (empty inside) stalagmite 50 cm high, Б - low (up to 10 cm) dome-like
stalagmite on the surface of laminated body built of iron hydroxides, В - the largest
stalagmite in the cave, Г - medium-high (up to 15 cm) empty stalagmite on the surface of
laminated body built of iron hydroxides.
Fig. 8.12. Probable model of mechanisms of the origin of iron-manganese stalagmites:
A - evaporation, Г - geyser-like, В - compression.
Fig. 8.13-A. B. Characteristic forms of deposition of manganese hydroxides on silty floor
of cave sediments:
A - layer of hydroxides on cracked (as a result of drying) surface of grey cave clay
(Maiskiy Chamber), Б - powder on silt surface (Geochemical area) (Photo S. Volkov, V
Andreychouk).
Fig. 8.13-B, Г. Powder-like sediments of manganese hydroxides:
В - concentration of loose masses of hydroxides in the neighbourhood of iron hydroxide
deposits (Wesioly area), Г - "manganese river" in the bottom of cave corridor (Fersman's
Chamber, Geochimicheskiy area) (Photo S. Volkov, W. Andreychouk).
Fig. 8.14. Characteristic (primary and dehydrated) aggregates of manganese on gypsum
walls of the cave:
A - association of semi-spherical, liver-like, grape-like and stalactite-like aggregates on
the wall of corrosional hollow in Antichny Chamber, Б - stalactite of a pine tree shape, built
of tiny crystals of hydroxides (Antichny Chamber) (Photo S. Volkov, V. Andreychouk).
Fig. 8.15. Stalactite silty-hydroxide deposits :
A - thin silty-ferroginous and manganese-hydroxide stalactites in a wall niche (Romeo and
Julyetta Chamber), Б - silty stalactites covered by iron hydroxides, Venecja area (Photo
S. Volkov, V. Andreychouk).
Fig. 8.16. Typical variants of mutual location of iron and manganese hydroxides
surrounded by other types of cave sediments.
Fig. 8.17. Iron-manganese powder under electronic microscope (size of aggregates - 2-
10 microns, concentration - 20-50 microns):
1 - general view, 2 - aggregate built of from agglutinated iron-manganese "beans", 3 -
iron-manganese concretions on a fragment of gypsum crystal, 4 - iron-manganese
concretions in hollows-traps developed from dissolution of a gypsum crystal, 5 - iron-
manganese concretion with a distinctive "cell-like" surface (diameter 3 microns). 6 -
spherical-concentric structure of a concretion, 7 - branch-like iron-manganese
aggregates, 8 - flake-like iron-manganese concretions (Photo E. Galuskin).
Fig. 8.18. Scheme of origin of iron-manganese hydroxides in the cave:
1 - cave waters including confined and geochemically stratified, 2 - air, 3 - cave silt, 4 -
iron and manganese hydroxides, 5 - varied deposited and metamorphosed forms of iron
and manganese hydroxides, 6 - deformations (from drying) of silty clay sediments.
403
Fig. 8.19. Typical subsidence composed of over-gypsum clay sediments covering the
cave (Photo B. Ridush).
Fig. 8.20. Loosening and falling of plates from the roof layer of crystalline limestone
(Podvaly).
Fig. 8.21. Skeleton-pore carbonate sediments on the gypsum roof of the cave.
Fig. 8.22. Polygonal system of fissures caused by drying on the surface of cave silts
(Photo L. Veisman).
Fig. 8.23. Deformed surface of silts with fissured caused by drying in the profile of cave
corridor (Photo V. Kiselov).
Fig. 8.24. Main types of cracks system in silty sediments depending on the character of
the surface:
A - regular, polygonal on flat surface, Б - radial-concentric on convex surface, В - radial-
concentric within subsidence area, 7 - linear-stair on sloping area.
Fig. 8.25. Sinkhole (Б) and subsidence (A, C) forms in silty floor deposits of cave
corridors: А, Б - general view, С - doline hollows in the bottom of the corridor at Uvertura
Chamber (Photo S. Volkov).
Fig. 8.26. Subsidence dolines and sinkholes in Antichny Chamber:
1 - collapse deposits, 2 - debris cones, 3 - subsidences and sinkholes, 4 - large debris
cones.
Fig. 8.27. Deformations caused by sinking of silty floors of cave corridors in Wesioly area.
Fig. 8.28. Silty pillar originated as a result of squeezing of the upper horizon sediments
into lower located cave voids. Podvaly area.
Chapter 9
Fig. 9.1. Microclimatic profile of the entrance part of the cave (A-B), and microclimatic
zones of the cave (B) (according to measurements 17.05.1981, 12.00-12.30).
Fig. 9.2. Basing model of air circulation between the cave and the outer atmosphere in
warm (A) and cold (Б) seasons:
1 - relatively warm (+) and colder, cool (-) air, 2 - directions of circulation of warmer air, 3
- directions of circulation of colder and cool air.
Fig. 9.3. Development of snowy stalagmites on the surface of quarry escarpment over
holes (holes after drillings, tiny fissures, etc.).
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