SUMMARY
The work proposed for the readers’ attention is the first volume of «History
of Kazakh literature» written by the researchers of M.O.Auezov Institute of
literature and art in 10 volumes. It is devoted to folklore. It includes first attempt to
study folklore in diachronic aspect, investigate history of national folklore
beginning from ancient period to present time. Unlike previous works in which
folklore is considered only as oral literature, in this monograph folklore is
considered widely namely as peoples culture in general and is studied in complex
with traditions, rituals and beliefs of ancient ancestors of Kazakh people and
Kazakh ethnos. Such approach has determined the structure and objective of the
book and showed the genesis and evolution of folklore genres from the most early,
syncretic forms to complete artistic forms, revealed ancient bases of classic plots
and motives, observe their transformation into artistic works, images and poetic
methods. This was impossible to do in the previous works because in them folklore
was studied in synchronic and static condition.
According to the tasks and objectives of the research, folklore issues have
been considered as a cultural process developing during all periods, beginning with
primitive society till present days accompanying humans during the whole periods
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of history. Such understanding meant study of Kazakh folklore on the background
of human spiritual development using historical-typological, comparative methods
considering historical-phase and civilization-national regulations. All this assumed
to provide the book that consists of three main parts, introduction article that
determines not only its aims and objectives but also the status and theoretic bases
of Kazakh folklore. It includes also specific features of Kazakh folklore and its
conceptual understanding such as: a) philosophy and culture of ancient people, b)
part of human life, c) literary art and artistic heritage.
Each of three parts has an article that highlights general picture of spiritual
culture of the appropriate period and description of folklore process during each
epoch. First part is devoted to syncretic culture of ancient period and includes
three chapters: 1) folklore related to human working activities. Here the ancient
hunting, livestock and farming rituals and various folklore texts accompanying
them are considered. 2) Ritual folklore divided into calendar, family and magic
folklore. Calendar folklore includes celebration of New year «Nauryz» and songs
about it, spring holiday devoted to first milking of mares («Kymyzmurindik») and
songs about it, songs «Zharapazan» performed during Ramadan month. As the
content of «Zharapazan» is based on pre-Islam folklore, they are referred to the
ancient ritual folklore. Family ritual folklore is classified into wedding rituals and
songs, funeral rituals and songs, children folklore. Magic folklore is first outlined
as a separate type and it includes arbau (spell), zhalbarinu (incantation,
supplication), algis (blessing), kargis (curse), ant (oath), badik (condemn), baksi
sarini (shaman’s song). 3) Archaic folklore including such ancient genres as myths,
khikaya (bilichka), ethiologic tale, fairy tale, archaic epos and mystery that already
have artistic features.
The object of the second part of the book is folklore of medieval epoch
including long period from the formation of early feudal states till collapse of
Kazakh khanate. As folklore texts recorded during that period are missing,
folklore patterns fixed on rocks and in some literary works are considered as main
sources that provide opportunity to guess about folklore texts that existed during
that period. These are ancient Turkic writings in honor of Kultegin and Bilge-
kagan, anonymous works «Oguz-name», «Kumanikus code» and «Kitabi dedem
Korkud», author compositions «Kissas-ul-anbija» by Rabguzi and others.
Those mentioned written monuments include folklore motives and plots
(sometimes genres), folklore traditions, characters actions resembling actions of
mythic ancestors, epic bogatyrs, tale heroes or historical figures. For example in
ancient Turkic texts written on rocks traces of ancient myth about origin of the sky
and earth can be seen, Turks ancestors, spirit and motives of heroic epos, however
«Oguz-name» and «Kitabi dedem Korkut» are the patterns of medieval book epos
with all features typical for the epic genre, «Kumaniks code» includes lots of
sayings, mysteries and quatrains. During Kazakh khanate many ancient genres and
plots have gained new impulse and have transformed into real artistic forms.
Formation of the whole classical folklore system took place, especially bogatyr and
romantic epos have been blossoming, based on ancient plots the tales about
animals, bogatyr eposes, legends, sayings, historical epos have appeared. During
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this period the process of historical, biographical and genealogical cyclization of
epos and other genres took place and therefore most folklore works reflect life of
people who lived in Kazakh khanate.
Third part of the book includes condition of folklore during new and newest
periods, it shows how traditional genres have modified and new genre forms
appeared that were caused by historical-cultural and social-political events that
took place in XVIII, XIX, XX centuries. During this period ancient genres
continue their development, new forms have developed from old forms, new
genres, plots and motives have been developing. So in XVIII-XIX centuries many
genres have gained all features that have reached us before first half of XX century
as classical folklore and valuable heritage. Particular, we can mention novelistic
and satirical tales, lyrical, historical and lyric-epic (ballade) songs. Aitys, dastan
and historical epos have especially strongly developed. It should be mentioned that
during new period lyrical genres are prevailing, historical epos and historical songs
that tell about struggle of Kazakh people against Jungar invaders and Russian
colonists became important, new genre has appeared that is conditionally
determined by lyro-epic (ballade) songs with combination of archaic and new
things but without mythologization.
In XX century work songs and stories non traditional for Kazakh folklore
have appeared, various songs and stories about peoples liberation uprising of 1916,
new songs, mysteries, sayings and proverbs. All of them actively existed till first
half of XX century and only some patterns of minor didactic genre are used in
usual life of contemporary people. At present stage genre of anecdote begins its
formation caused by intensive urbanization and traditional folklore is used in
professional art as a source. It means that folklore became classical heritage and
part of contemporary artistic culture.
ҚЫСҚАРҒАН СӚЗДЕР
ҼҾИ – М.О.Ҽуезов атындағы Ҽдебиет жҽне ҿнер институты
ОҒК – Орталық ғылыми кітапхана
ИРГО – Известия Русского географического общества
М. – Мҽскеу
Л. – Ленинград
М.-Л. – Мҽскеу-Ленинград
СПб. – Санкт-Петербург
Пг. – Петроград
Сб. МАЭ – Сборник музея антропалогии и этнографии. СПб.,
ЗООИРГО – Записки Оренбургского отделения императорского русского
географического общества. Казань.