Exercise 33.
Give English definitions for the following terms:
1) thematic chain,
2) nominative chain,
3) basic nomination,
4) main nomination,
5) primary nomination,
29
Матвеева Т. В.
Функциональные стили в аспекте текстовых категорий.
С. 22–23.
58
6) secondary nomination,
7) supplementary nomination,
8) lexically new nomination,
9) (pronominal) substitute,
10) synonymic nomination,
11) referentially equal nomination,
12) taxonomic nomination,
13) transform,
14) narrowed transform,
15) widened transform,
16) grammatical transform.
Exercise 34.
Suggest possible paradigms of nominations. Fill in
the table:
dog-rose
Basic
Synonymic
Referentially equal
Ta xonomic
T ra nsfor m
Substitute
fish
blooming
Sally
bastard
ilex
Potter
them
dumbbells
Tom
Sawyer
transport
In which columns can there be emotionally coloured nominations?
Give your own examples.
59
Van Damme
Basic
Narrowed transform
Extended transform
Grammatical transform
Liz
Professor
McGonagall
Hobbitizing
Vladislav
Igorevich
Putinization
Jack
Exercise 35.
Suggest possible paradigms of transforms. Fill in the table:
Exercise 36.
As you can see from Ex. 35, a narrowed transform
very often appears to be a shortened name of a person. Sometimes,
however, a “shortening” becomes a “widening”. Suggest variant transforms
for the following names and state whether they are narrowed or extended:
Abraham
,
Agnes
,
Albert
,
Alexander
,
Alexandra
,
Alfred
,
Andrew
,
Anne
,
Anthony
,
Augustine
,
Barbara
,
Benjamin
,
Catherine
,
Cecilia
,
Charles
,
Chester
,
Christopher
,
Daniel
,
David
,
Deborah
,
Dennis
,
Dolores
,
Dorothy
,
Edward
,
Elizabeth
,
Ellen
,
Eugene
,
Ferdinand
,
Fiona
,
Gabriel
,
George
,
Gregory
,
Gustav
,
Helen
,
Herbert
,
Hilary
,
Isabella
,
James
,
Jeffrey
,
Jessica
,
John
,
Joseph
,
Karina
,
Leonardo
,
Margaret
,
Melissa
,
Michael
,
Minerva
,
Montgomery
,
Nathaniel
,
Nicholas
,
Oliver
,
Oscar
,
Pamela
,
Paul
,
Penelope
,
Peter
,
Philip
,
Rachel
,
Rebecca
,
Regina
,
Roberta
,
Robinson
,
Sarah
,
Sharon
,
Sidney
,
Stanley
,
Stephen
,
Steven
,
Stuart
,
Susan
,
Sylvester
,
Tamara
,
Teresa
,
Theodore
,
Thomas
,
Timothy
,
Valentine
,
Valerie
,
Veronica
,
Victor
,
Victoria
,
William
,
Yvonne
,
Zelda
.
Analysing thematic chains.
As it has been mentioned earlier, three
main parameters are considered when we analyse any thematic chain:
s e t, c o m b i n a t o r i c s, d i s t r i b u t i o n. Here, we shall try
60
to make observations on the chain written before out of Sonnet I by
W. Shakespeare:
thou – thine – thy – thyself – thy – thy – thou – thine – thee
As the addressee has no name, the chain consists but of pronominal
substitutes. Within the s e t, we consider 9 nominations, all of them
substitutes, including two
thou
(main nomination), all the rest being its
modifications: one
thee
(objective case of
thou
, i. e. its grammatical
transform), three
thy
, two
thine
(possessive modifications), and one
thyself
(a reflexive derivative). All these forms can be considered
archaic nowadays, but in Shakespeare’s times – that is, on the border
of Middle English and early New English – the
thou
-forms were typical
to address one person.
As far as the c o m b i n a t o r i c s of the chain is concerned,
we cannot observe any regular rhythm within it. Marking each new
nomination with a new letter (
thou
,
thee
=
A
,
a
;
thine
=
b
;
thy
=
c
;
thyself
=
d
), we can re-write this chain in the following way:
А – b – c – d – c – c – А – b – а
However, some certain combinatorial features can be observed.
1. The nomination
thou
(
a
), being the main one, passes through
the whole text, whereas the nomination
thy
(
c
), the same frequent as
thou
, is concentrated mainly in the middle of the chain.
2. The only twice repeated nomination in the chain is, by the way,
thy
(
c
), which makes it the second important within the chain.
3. All the four nominations are first given in the text without any
repetition. The two repetitions of
thou
(
a
) and
thy
(
c
) come only after
thyself
(
d
) was mentioned. This can be considered a reflection of
the divergence tendency within any thematic chain of a fiction and
newspaper text as noticed by Prof. T. V. Matveeva.
To study the third aspect – the d i s t r i b u t i o n of the thematic
chain in the text, one should look into the Sonnet:
From fairest creatures we desire increase,
That thereby beauty’s rose might never die,
But as the riper should by time decease,
His tender heir might bear his memory:
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5 But
thou
, contracted to
thine
own bright eyes,
Feed’st
thy
light’s flame with self-substantial fuel,
Making a famine where abundance lies,
Thyself
thy
foe, to
thy
sweet self too cruel.
Thou
that art now the world’s fresh ornament
10 And only herald to the gaudy spring,
Within
thine
own bud buriest thy content,
And, tender churl, mak’st waste in niggarding:
Pity the world, or else this glutton be,
To eat the world’s due, by the grave and
thee
.
Supplying the numbers of all the lines wherein the nominations are
mentioned, we get the following chain:
thou
(5)
– thine
(5)
– thy
(6)
– thyself
(8)
– thy
(8)
– thy
(8)
–
– thou
(9)
– thine
(11)
– thee
(14)
Again, certain observations can be made. The addressee appears
only in the fifth line, which makes it possible to think that the first
four lines are introductory (according to the composition of the Sonnet).
The distribution of the nominations is not equal: the fifth and mainly
the eighth lines come to be the most loaded with the nominations of
the
thou
-chain. Closer to the end of the Sonnet, the nominations appear
less and less frequently, but the last nomination coincides with the last
word of the whole text.
Therefore, this last nomination (
thee
, a grammatical transform of
thou
) occupies a s t r o n g p o s i t i o n in the text. Other strong
positions belong to the main nomination
thou
(5, 9) and to
thyself
(8),
as they stand at the very beginnings of the lines (in the fifth line
thou
stands after a functional word
but
, which is not taken into account).
So,
thou
proves to be the main nomination, all the three times coming
in a strong position. The nomination
thy
, the same frequent as
thou
,
is all the three times presented in a w e a k p o s i t i o n.
Exercise 37.
Look up on the Internet and find the article
Meaning
of the Strong Position for Interpreting a Fiction Text
written by Prof.
I. V. Arnold on a strong position in a fiction text and its meaning for
the text interpretation.
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Exercise 38.
Now, it’s your turn. Take the thematic chain written
out in Ex. 30 or from a text on your choice. Analyze it on the basis of set,
combinatorics, and distribution.
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