UNIT 3. SUBJECTS OF INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY

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8. a fully-fledged state – полностью сложившееся государство 
9. to be defeated – потерпеть поражение 
2. Прочитайте текст и найдите ответы на следующие вопросы. 
 
1. What are the legal subjects in national systems? Which of them are primary? 
2. What are the primary subjects in the international community? 
3. How are states defined in international law? 
4. What does “full legal capacity” mean? 
5. Are states of the international community equal? 
6. Who are insurgents? 
7. Which subjects of the international community are traditional and which are relatively new? 
8. Which subjects of the international community possess “limited legal capacity”? 
National systems comprise very many legal subjects: citizens, foreigners residing in the territory of the 
State, corporate bodies and State institutions (if endowed with legal personality). Individuals are the 
primary subjects in national legal systems. In contrast, the legal subjects of the international 
community are relatively few. In addition, the fundamental or primary subjects are not individuals, but 
States. They are entities which, besides controlling territory in a stable and permanent way, exercise 
the principal lawmaking and executive functions proper of any legal order. All other subjects either 
exercise effective authority over territory for a limited period of time only or have no territorial basis 
whatsoever. States, therefore, are the backbone of the community. They possess full legal capacity, 
that is, the ability to be vested with rights, powers, and obligations. Were they to disappear, the present 
international community would either fall apart or change radically. For historical reasons, there are at 
present about two hundred States including a few mini-States. In principle, all States are equal. 
However, one particular class, a handful of States with strong economic and military systems, holds 
authority in the international community. 
There is another category of international subjects, namely, insurgents, who come into being 
through their struggle against the State to which they belong. They are born from a wound in the body 
of a particular State and are not, therefore, easily accepted by the international community unless they 
can prove able to exercise some of the sovereign rights typical of States. They assert themselves by 
force and acquire international status proportionate to their power and authority. However, their 
existence is by definition provisional: they either win and turn into fully fledged States or are defeated 
and disappear. 
States and insurgents are traditional subjects of the international community in the sense that 
they have been the principal actors on the international scene since its inception. In the twentieth 
century and increasingly after the Second World War, other poles of interest and activity have gained 
international status. They are: international organizations, national liberation movements and 
individuals. The emergence of these relatively new subjects is a distinct feature of modern 
international law. 
Unlike States, all the other international subjects just mentioned, on account of their inherent 
characteristics (e.g. lack of permanent or at least stable authority over a territory, etc.) possess a limited 
capacity in the area of international rights and obligations. They also have a limited capacity to act, 
that is, to put into effect their rights and powers, in judicial and other proceedings or to enforce their 
rights. 

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