Атты халықаралық ғылыми-практикалық конференцияның материалдары 26 қазан 2019 ж
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A Кекилбаев (1)
| Adil Jumaturdu,
Institute of Ethnic Literature Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Beijing China, Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor, (China) CHARACTERISTICS OF THE KIRGIHIZEPIC PERFORMER MANASCHIS IN AKCHI COUNTY XINJIANG CHINA Oral transmission of the folklore is the earliest and most vigorous form through- out the Kirghiz 16 traditional culture. As nomads, the Kirghiz had no written language until early 20 th century. However, they excelled in oral composition, which they artistically employed in their traditional poetry and epic songs. They have kept their great epic Manas 17 orally for about a thousand years. 18 Although the epic Manas exists primarily in the three other counties of Atushi, Aktoo, Uluu-chat in Kizilsuu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture and in the counties as Tekes, Mongol-kürö in the northern part of Tianshan Mountains, as well as in the other parts of Xinjiang, which is still keeping its oral disseminate form today, especially among the Kirghiz people living in Akchi county 19 . For Kirghiz oral epic tradition today, it is undoubtedly a 16 Kirghiz is also known as Kyrgyz today. In this paper I just use the former for Kirghiz people live in China and the latter for the people live in Kyrgyzstan. 17 Manas , the monumental epic, is the most treasured heritage of Kirghiz (Kyrguz) people, and which can be found across the central Asia, where it is widely known throughout Kirghiz area in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakstan, Afghanistan and Tajikstan, and in Xinjiang China. Today there are more than a hundred versions of the epic Manas recorded from various epic singers in Kyrgyzstan and China. Its longest version, consisting of half a million (500553 ) poetic lines, was written down from one of the master-manaschi Saiakbay Karalaev (1894-1971) in Kyrgyzstan. It is twenty times longer than the Homeric epics Iliad (15693) and Odyssey (12110) taken together. 18 In summer of 1995, with the support of UNESCO, the Kyrgyz celebrated the 1000 th anniversa- ry of the epic. The new government of independent Kyrgyzstan used this grand occasion to introduce Kyrgyz history and culture to the world community. Leaders, dignitaries, and scholars from all over the world were invited to the Manas celebration, which lasted for fi ve days. 19 Akchi county is located in the southwestern part of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang. It is a small county where the Kirghiz people are hold a dominant population for about 90% out of 45,000, and the county is situated in the mountains at an altitude of over 2,000 meters. People there nave practiced animal husbandry, supplemented by little agriculture, and the county is a remote region without normal transportation until late 90ties in last century. As a result, it has had little contact with modern civilization, and the traditional Kirghiz folk culture has survived well. 157 typical and classical one. We found manaschis 20 in deferent parts of Kizil-Suu Kir- ghiz autonomous prefecture and in the other parts of Xinjiang since the middle of the last century 21 , but the Akchi county is the typical area for transmission and dis- semination of Kirghiz oral epic. My report is only limited on that area and just delve into the manaschis in Akchi. With the thorough fi eldwork carried out resent years in this special area, Akchi county, we found tens of epic singers (manaschi) in different ages actively per- forming the epic in the masses at present. But, as a matter of fact, their artistic oral creative talent and epic performing level are different. 93 years old Jusup Mamay 22 , undoubtedly, is the greatest and world famous epic performer, manaschi, nowadays. The epic Manas’s variant written down from him is as long as 232,600 poetic lines and include the story of eight generations of hero Manas’s family (Jumaturdu & Yisak 2002: 163-173). For the others, we can divide them into some groups depend- ing on their performance of the great epic. Akchi County is located northeast mountain area of Kizilsuu Kirghiz Autono- mous Prefecture and share the boundary with Atbashi dristrict Narin prefecture of Kyrghystan. The population of the county is as much as 45 thousands, and about 90% are Kirghiz. For its special geographical environment, it has become one of the main areas where the Kirghiz epic Manas is under dissemination. According to the materials collected in the fi eld work carry out by myself in resent years 23 , there are all together 48 manaschis (Jumaturdu 2006: 203-216) ap- peared in Akchi County in the 20 th century. We can get some interesting results through statistical analyses for this group of manaschis according to their different appearances. But before carrying out our analyses, it is better to introduce some rep- resentative famous manaschis appeared in Akchi county in previous century. The fi rst one, Jusupakun Apay, was born in the end of 19 th century in Karachi town Akchi village, but we have not yet get the exact document when he dead. His father use to be the Bi(head of a tribe ) of Sategul tribe Qerik clan of Kirghiz, and this tribe branch is the biggest of the area. Because of this, he had the condi- tion and opportunity travelling around some cities, such as Kashgar in Xinjiang and even to Narun and Atbashi in Kyrghyzstan. He learned the epic from differ- ent manaschis in different area. For example, he used to stay with great manaschi Tenibek Japiy(Musaev,1985: 121) in Narun Kygyzstan for a few years for learn- ing Manas when he was young, and the later used to be a very famous, legendary 20 Manaschi: The professional bard of epic Manas. Originally, they were known as jomokchu , which is from the Kirghiz jomok ,traditional epic or heroic tale. In Kirghiz fairy tale is called dzö- жүктеу/скачать 1,94 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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