Key words: comparative-historical linguistics, Indo-European languages, research methods, grammar, lan-
guage origins, genetic relatedness of languages
Comparative-historical linguistics is the area of Linguistics, the subject of which are considered to
be related languages, i.e.genetically related languages. Specifically,the goal of comparative-historical lin-
guistics is to establish relationships between related languages and describing their evolution in time and
space; comparative-historical linguistics uses as a primary tool for research the comparative-historical
method; the most spread form of studies is comparative-historical grammar (including first of all phonet-
ics) and etymological dictionaries (vocabulary).
Comparative-historical linguistics counters descriptive or sinchronic linguistics, normative and gen-
eral linguistics. However, the comparative-historical linguistics is associated with both the descriptive
linguistics and the general,interacting in a wide range of issues. Comparative-historical linguistics emerged
after the discovery by Europeans ofSanskrit, the literary language of ancient India. Still in the 16th century
the Italian traveller FilippoSasseti noticed similarities between Indian and Italian and Latin words, but the
scientific findings were not made. Comparative-historical linguistics was founded in the 18th century by
William Jones, whom the following words belong:
The Sanskrit language, whatever be its antiquity, has an amazing structure, more perfect than the
Greek, richer than the Latin, and more wonderful than any of them, but having a very close relationship
with the two languages both in the roots of verbs and in the forms of grammar that could not have orig-
inated by chance, affinity is so strong that no scholar who would study these three languages could not
believe that they all descend from one common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists. There is a similar
justification, although not so strong to expect, that both Gothic and Celtic languages, although mixed with
completely different adverbs, have the same origin as that of Sanskrit [1].
Further development of science confirmed W.Jones’s words.
In the early 19th century, independently from each other, different scientists in different countries
started identifying the relationship between languages within the same group and achieved remarkable
results. In the beginning of the 19th century the idea of the comparative-historical linguistics was imbod-
ied in the studies of comparative-historical nature, in which a special research technique was applied, that
based mainly on data of the Indo-European languages, and thus the comparative-historical grammar of
these language became the leading discipline of comparative-historical linguistics, which had a stimulat-
ing effect on the development of other private comparative-historical grammars.
The main figures of that revolution in comparative-historical linguistics, who led to the creation of
the comparative-historical grammar, were F. Bopp (“On the conjugation system of Sanskrit in comparison
with the same in Greek, Latin, Persian and Germanic languages”, 1816 (the first edition of the work by
F. Bopp in three volumes” Comparative grammar of Sanskrit, Armenian, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, old
Slavic, Gothic and German “was published in 1833 -1852; the second, significantly revised, in 1857-1861.
In 1866-1874 a French translation of this work with a foreword by M. Breal, which provides the most
complete presentation of the theoretical views of F.Bopp), R. K. Rusk (“Search on the ancient northern
language”, 1818), J. Grimm (“German language Grammar”, volumes 1-4, 1819-1837, it is about German-
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