ХИМИЯ ЖӘНЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ БОЙЫНША IX ХАЛЫҚАРАЛЫҚ БІРІМЖАНОВ СЪЕЗІНІҢ ЕҢБЕКТЕРІ
159
2. Experiment
To achieve this goal the most affordable and effective ways for converting of waste gases
of TPP (SO
2
, NO
2
, NO, CO) into complete secondary products (carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid,
nitrogen and ammonia) have been previously considered [1].
The technological parameters of installation for purification of exhaust gases of CHP,
allowing to remove up to 95% of sulfur and carbon oxides by low temperature (60-80 °C) liquid-
phase catalytic oxidation under atmospheric pressure.
The installation consists of a mixing chamber, an emulsifier with a drop-settler and water
tanks, catalyst solution and finished products, blowers, pumps, gas-wires, water and sewage
systems, power supply (electricity and heat), ventilation.
Proposed installation for recycling of exhaust gases of TPP includes a vortex "Emulsifier"
with eight-paddle swirler. Swirl is intended for crushing and mixing of liquid in turbulent
regime. It is known that installations of this type provide an intensive mass transfer “gas –
liquid”, allow to remove diffusion deceleration by dissolving of gaseous mixture containing
sulfur dioxide.
3. Results and discussions
According to air conditions Almaty refers to cities with very high degree of contamination.
The level of air pollution is determined by the index of air pollution. When comparing the data
for the last four years, the level of air pollution in Almaty city is gradually increasing and is
defined as very high.
The largest sources of air pollution of Almaty are TPP-1, TPP-2 and AHPP, which have
six chimneys. They use coal, gas and heavy fuel oil. Mainly natural gas is used in summer
season and in winter (heating) season heavy fuel oil and coal are used. Also on the territory of
Almaty a series of district heating plants (north-east, west, south-east), which use gas and heavy
fuel oil, are located. TPP-2 and AHPP are outside city boundaries. However, their smoke plumes
effect on northern and even central areas of the city.
Out of the total amount of impurities contained emissions of TPP to the atmosphere of
Almaty, 98% form five most common. Among them are sulfur dioxide, particulate matter (dust),
carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. The products of combustion of solid, liquid
and gaseous fuels are transformed into wastes with masses in a few times larger than masses of
used fuel due to inclusion of nitrogen and oxygen from the air in the combustion process (5 times
during combustion of gas and 4 times during combustion of coal). The amount and composition
of pollutants of waste gases of TPP is considered on the example of TPP-1 of Almaty city.
Table 1 presents data on fuel consumption and characteristics of pollutants contained in the
waste gases of TPP-1 over the last four years.
Table 1 - Emissions of pollutants, resulting from fuel combustion at TPP-1 of Almaty city
Year
Fuel consumption
Content of pollutants
Coal,
t/y
Gas,
ths.
nm
3
/y
Heavy
fuel oil,
t/y
СО,
t/y
SO
2
,
t/y
NO
2
,
t/y
NO,
t/y
Dust
with
SiO
2
,
t/y
2012
330260
99160
15 562
110
2880
2010
320
620
2013
160730
155536
409
123
1309.5
1019.8
165.7
346.9
2014
93213
188820
1235
116.9
797.6
843.5
137.1
214.4
1st
quarter
of 2015
25136
91645
1332
48.608
212.6
328.6
53.4
55.9
ХИМИЯ ЖӘНЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ БОЙЫНША IX ХАЛЫҚАРАЛЫҚ БІРІМЖАНОВ СЪЕЗІНІҢ ЕҢБЕКТЕРІ
160
Table 1 shows that the contents of exhaust gases (CO, SO
2
, NO
2
) is much greater than their
maximum allowable concentration in atmospheric air.
Therefore, in this work we examined and evaluated various options of alternative
technologies of joint production of carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid, nitrogen and ammonia from
pollutants (SO
2
, NO
2
, NO, CO), contained in exhaust gases of TPP [2]. The stoichiometric
equations of their formation are shown in Figure 1. The essence of utilization is to obtain
mentioned products from exhaust gases of TPP as a result of hydrogenation reaction with steam
in presence of catalyst.
Figure 1 – Schematic diagram of utilization of exhaust gases into sulfuric acid (step I),
carbon dioxide (step II) and ammonia (step III)
As shown in Figure 1, at first step at oxidation of sulfur dioxide by nitrogen dioxide at
presence of water sulfuric acid forms.
It should be noted that the presented equations, despite their simplicity, require thorough
research beforehand in laboratory and then enlarged - in production testing.
In [3,4] a catalytic solution was developed. It consists from immobilized catalyst FeCl
3
on
polyethyleneimine and allows to clean exhaust gases of boiler houses and diesels of drilling rigs
from the most harmful gases (SO
2
, NO, NO
2
, CO) in a wide range of concentrations of gases.
Similar catalyst was used for purification process of exhaust gases of TPP from sulfurous
compounds. Preliminary studies were carried out: in emulsifier a certain amount of the catalyst
solution was placed, and a gas mixture passed through it at a rate of 1 m
3
/h.
Sulfur dioxide at the reactor inlet and after purification was determined quantitatively by
iodometric method. The aqueous solution after absorption of exhaust gases was separated from
catalytic solution by TBP and analyzed for the major components (SO
2
and sulfuric acid). The
results of these studies are presented in Table 2.
To remove the reaction product (sulfuric acid) a two-phase system was used, where in
aqueous solution of catalyst tributylphosphate was added. Good extraction properties of the
system “water – TBP” promotes their low mutual solubility (3.4 g/l of TBP in water and 64 g/l of
water in TBP) [5]. Using of system “TBP – water” (1: 3) allows to extract catalyst and
modifying additives in active form, and 95% of oxidation products remain in the free phase.
Table 2 - Results of catalytic purification of exhaust gases of TPP from SO
2
The composition of the catalyst
solution, mol/l
Content of SO
2
, mg/m
3
Result of
cleaning of gas
mixture, %
FeCl
3
polyethyleneimine
(CH
2
CH
2
N
)
before cleaning
after cleaning
0.5·10
-3
2.3·10
-3
1511
200
87
1.0·10
-3
2.3·10
-3
1511
150
90
2.0·10
-3
2.3·10
-3
1511
120
92
ХИМИЯ ЖӘНЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ БОЙЫНША IX ХАЛЫҚАРАЛЫҚ БІРІМЖАНОВ СЪЕЗІНІҢ ЕҢБЕКТЕРІ
161
1.0·10
-3
1.15·10
-3
1511
215
85
1.0·10
-3
4.6·10
-3
1511
170
88
1.0·10
-3
9.2·10
-3
1511
130
91
Analyses, carried out after the cleaning of gas mixture, showed that aqueous solution of
sulfuric acid with a concentration of 65-70% was obtained, purification of the gas mixture from
sulfur dioxide is 85-92%. Carrying out of repeated tests in order to establish activity of test
catalyst showed that after multiple experiments of gas purification from sulfur dioxide according
to the proposed method, the activity of catalyst did not change.
Thus, the usage of an effective metal-polymer catalyst for purifying of exhaust gases of
TPP allows to utilize sulfur dioxide, while its oxidation to sulfuric acid.
4. Conclusions
Different options of alternative technology of joint ways to get carbon dioxide, sulfuric
acid, nitrogen and ammonia from the exhaust gases of TPP were analyzed and evaluated.
A technology of purification of exhaust gases of TPP from sulfurous compounds by low-
temperature liquid-phase oxidation at highly-effective iron-immobilized catalysts with
simultaneous separation of the product (sulfuric acid) from the reaction zone and separation of
the catalyst solution was developed.
The optimal composition of the catalyst at carrying out of hydration reaction with water
vapor in the presence of a catalyst (iron oxide with effective additive), allowing to obtain sulfuric
acid, was found.
Developed technological scheme significantly simplifies the process of production of
sulfuric acid at a sufficiently high concentration (70%). Moreover there is no need to carry out a
contact oxidation of SO
3
to SO
2
at high temperature. Sulphuric acid is formed directly in the
catalytic solution and then separated due to the developed methods.
References
1.
Пономаренко О.И., Бейсембаева Л.К., Танашева М.Р., Шыныбекова Г.
Экологохимические проблемы утилизации газовых выбросов топливно-энергетических
предприятий // Материалы международной конференции «Актуальные проблемы
экологии и природопользования». – Москва, 2013. – С. 225-229.
2.
Бейсембаева Л.К., Пономаренко О.И., Шыныбекова Г.С., Танашева М.Р.
Способы утилизации отходящих газов ТЭЦ в полноценные вторичные продукты //
Материалы Международного симпозиума «Современные проблемы высшего образования
и науки в области химии и химической инженерии. – Алматы, 2013. – С. 180-182.
3.
Габдулбариева А.Е. Низкотемпературное жидкофазное окисление диоксида серы
кислородом на железо-иммобилизованных катализаторах. Диссертация на соискание
ученой степени кандидата химических наук. –Алматы, 1999. – С. 143
4.
Шакиева Т.В. Окисление сульфита натрия кислородом в присутствии
закрепленных на полиэтиленимин комплексов кобальта, никеля и железа. Диссертация на
соискание ученой степени кандидата химических наук.– Алматы, 2001. – С. 136
5.
Мазуренко Е.А. Справочник об экстракции. – Киев: Техника, 1972. – 460 с.
References
1.
Ponomarenko OI, Beisembayeva LK, Tanasheva MR, Shynybekova G (2013)
Ecological problems of utilization of gas emissions of fuel and energy enterprises
[EHkologohimicheskie problemy utilizacii gazovyh vybrosov toplivno-ehnergeticheskih
predpriyatij]. Materials of International conference “Actual problems of ecology and
environmental management”, Moscow, Russia. P.225-229. (in Russian)
ХИМИЯ ЖӘНЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ БОЙЫНША IX ХАЛЫҚАРАЛЫҚ БІРІМЖАНОВ СЪЕЗІНІҢ ЕҢБЕКТЕРІ
162
2.
Beisembayeva LK, Ponomarenko OI, Shynybekova GS, Tanasheva MR (2013)
Methods of utilization of exhaust gases of TPP in full secondary products [Sposoby utilizacii
othodyashchih gazov TEHC v polnocennye vtorichnye produkty]. Materials of International
symposium “Modern problems of higher education and research in the field of chemistry and
chemical engineering”, Almaty, Kazakhstan. P. 180-182. (in Russian)
3.
Gabdulbarieva AE (1999) Low temperature liquid phase oxygen oxidation of sulfur
dioxide on iron-immobilized catalysts [Nizkotemperaturnoe zhidkofaznoe okislenie dioksida
sery kislorodom na zhelezo-immobilizovannyh katalizatorah]. Dissertation for Candidate of
Chemical Science Degree, Almaty, Kazakhstan. P. 143
4.
Shakiev TV (2001) Oxidation of sodium sulfite by oxygen in presence of complexes of
cobalt, nickel and iron attached to polyethyleneimine [Okislenie sul'fita natriya kislorodom v
prisutstvii zakreplennyh na poliehtilenimin kompleksov kobal'ta, nikelya i zheleza]. Dissertation
for Candidate of Chemical Science Degree, Almaty, Kazakhstan. P. 136
5.
Mazurenko EA (1972) Handbook of extraction [Spravochnik ob ehkstrakcii],
Technique, Kiew, Ukraine. (in Russian).
ХИМИЯ ЖӘНЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ БОЙЫНША IX ХАЛЫҚАРАЛЫҚ БІРІМЖАНОВ СЪЕЗІНІҢ ЕҢБЕКТЕРІ
163
UDC 556.114
1
Romanova S.M.*,
2
Kazangapova N.B.,
1
Ponomarenko O.I.,
1
Matveyeva I.V.
1
al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
2
Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
*E-mail: Sofya.Romanova@kaznu.kz
Hydrochemistry of lake Kopa (Kokshetau town)
Batyrbek Achmetovich Beremzhanov was truly great for several reasons. As a young
scientist at the age of 23 until his last days, he was engaged in scientific problems, which are of
great importance for the development of the economy of Kazakhstan. He was also the first
hydrochemist of republic. He developed the theory of continental salt formation, which helps
professionals in the field of chemistry of natural waters to deal with their problems.
Continental lakes of Kazakhstan, including Lake Kopa accumulate in them river,
groundwater and atmospheric waters. At the confluence of them with each other and with waters
of lakes, there is not only a simple physical mixing process, but there are metamorphic
processes, which lead to the formation of the modern salt composition and quality of the lake
water. Wind mixing of water masses and their oxygen saturation, longshore movement of
sediment, their flotation (attrition, segregation), and the saturation of waters by colloidal-clay
substances, processes in system "water-bottom sediments" play an important role in process of
formation of chemical composition of natural waters.
Keywords: quality of natural waters, main ions, index of pollution of waters
1
Романова С.М.*,
2
Казангапова Н.Б.,
1
Пономаренко О.И.,
1
Матвеева И.В.
1
Казахский национальный университет им. аль-Фараби, г. Алматы, Казахстан
2
Казахский агротехнический университет им. С.Сейфуллина, г. Астана, Казахстан
Гидрохимия озера Копа (г. Кокшетау)
Имя Батырбека Ахметовича Беремжанова по праву можно назвать великим в силу
нескольких причин. Будучи молодым ученым в возрасте 23 лет до последних своих дней
он одновременно с педагогической деятельностью занимался научными проблемами,
имеющими большое значение для развития народного хозяйства Казахстана. Он был и
первым гидрохимиком республики. Разработанная им теория континентального
солеобразования помогает специалистам в области химии природных вод разобраться с
возникшими проблемами.
Континентальные озера Казахстана, в том числе озеро Копа собирают в себе речные,
подземные и атмосферные воды. При слиянии их между собой и с водой самих озёр
происходит не простой физический процесс смешения, а имеют место процессы
метаморфизации, которые приводят к формированию современного солевого состава и
качества воды озер. В процессах формирования химического состава природных вод
большую роль играют ветровое перемешивание водных масс и насыщение их кислородом;
вдольбереговое перемещение наносов, их флотация (истирание, сегрегация), а также
насыщение воды коллоидно-глинистыми веществами, процессы в системе "вода-донные
отложения".
Ключевые слова: качество природной воды, основные ионы, индекс загрязненности
воды
ХИМИЯ ЖӘНЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ БОЙЫНША IX ХАЛЫҚАРАЛЫҚ БІРІМЖАНОВ СЪЕЗІНІҢ ЕҢБЕКТЕРІ
164
1
Романова С.М.*,
2
Казангапова Н.Б.,
1
Пономаренко О.И.,
1
Матвеева И.В.
1
Әл-Фараби атындағы Қазақ ұлттық университеті, Алматы қ, Казахстан
2
С.Сейфуллин атындағы Қазақ агротехникалық университеті, Астана қ, Казахстан
Қопа көлінің гидрохимиясы (Көкшетау қаласы)
Батырбек Ахметұлы Бірімжановты ұлы, мықты адам деп айтудың бірнеше себептері
бар. Болашағы зор не бары 23 жасында ол бір жағынан педегогикалық бағытта айналысса
ғылыми мәселелерді көтеріп, Қазақстандағы халық шаруашылығына. Ол республиканың
алғашқы гидрохимик. Оның жасап кеткен тұздың түзілу континентальдығына арналған
теориясы табиғи сулар химиясы саласындағы үлкен мәселелерді шешуге ықпал етуде.
Қопа көліне атмосферадағы, жер асты және өзен сулары қосылып Қазақстанның
континентальді көлдерінің біріне қосылып отыр. Қосылған сулар мен өзен-көл сулары
араласып, жай емес физикалық әрекеттесу кесірінен, метаморфизация процессінен көл
суының құрамы мен құбылысы өзгеріп отыр. Соның салдарынан судың химиялық құрамы
өзгеріп, олардың әрекетесуіне қатты соққан жел ықпал етеді, флотация (ұсақталу,
айырылу) салдарынан қанық шайқалған су балшықты-коллоидты қосылысқа айналып,
«сулы-үйінділер» пайда болуда.
Түйін сөздер: табиғи судың сапасы, негізгі иондар, судың ластану индексі
1. Introduction
Natural systems, including lakes, in response to anthropogenic pressures react ambiguously
and show some level of resistance to different types of impacts, as well as the ability to have
different relaxation, which ultimately changes trend of the evolutionary development of natural
complexes. Reservation of Lake Kopa in the modern state for the needs of the developing
national economy is becoming more problematic. Reducing of the level of Lake Kopa, an
increase in salt content and deterioration of water quality led to degradation of the natural
environment and made it difficult to use lake as a water source. For a long time the lake is
influenced by anthropogenic pressures. Nowadays these ecologic problems are of already region-
wide [1-2]
.
In addition, the water of the lake Kopa is an environment, where there are certain
hydro-chemical processes affecting hydroecology of natural - economical system. The basic
approach to their study are the ideas of ecosystem integrity and universality of the relationships
in the natural and natural-technical complexes. Therefore, research on the identification of
hydro-ecological consequences of human impact in the pools of water bodies on the basis of a
comprehensive study of the conditions of the functioning of the natural and economic system are
of current interest.
The study of natural water quality is one of the primary issues of science "water security"
as shown in [3]. The problem of the quantity and quality of waters of Lake Kopa became
engaged recently in connection with the forthcoming use of lakes water for drinking human
settlements. Scientific hydrochemical studies lakes have not been conducted previously.
The aim of study is to identify hydro-ecological effects of human impact on Lake Kopa.
The practical value of the work lies in the possibility of developing of scientific-based guidelines
and measures for the evaluation and improvement of the environmental situation of the lake
Kopa in conditions of its level fluctuations. This study allowed to obtain the current
understanding of the composition and quality of the water of Kopa Lake.
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