Find Out More
http://www.xpday.org/session_formats/goldfish_bowl
SIX THINKING HATS
Purpose:
To breakdown different parts of thinking in order to discuss more effectively and be more
aware of the influences on your own thought.
Set Up:
Nothing specific
41
How it works:
There are six hats, each representing a different element of thinking. Students are given a hat
(real or imaginary) and asked to think through the discussion using that hat. The idea is to
thus create a map covering all the different elements of an issue or idea. The class could be
divided into different hats and the teacher manages the discussion.
Six Thinking Hats (De Bono)
White hat: facts, neutral, objective information
Red hat: emotions, hunches, intuition, gut feelings
Black hat: critic, analyst, logical negative
Yellow hat: sunshine, optimism, logical positive
Green hat: creative, growth, possibilities, ideas
Blue hat: cool, agenda, process, organizer, overview, decision
FREE DISCUSSION
Purpose:
Encourage responsibility, student
‐led, avoids teacher focus or retreading of tired points.
Set Up:
Groups or whole class, circle, pods or table and chairs
How it works:
42
This can be done with smaller groups or the whole class. As it is not structured this sort of
discussion may require some more facilitation. This can be the teacher or session leader for
the whole group but if there are a number of groups staffing may not allow a facilitator for
each group. In this case one option may be to ask one of the students to act as a facilitator,
this is probably a technique to use once the students have experienced positive models of how
a facilitator should act and discussed key aspects of behavior in this role.
RADIO PHONE-IN
Purpose:
Active listening, shows many sides of a discussion
Set Up:
Teacher (or student) Is the radio host with four guests (students) and an audience (rest of
class)
43
How it works:
There is a topic to discuss, led by the radio host. The four guests receive role
‐play cards and
are asked to take on that character for the discussion. Audience peer assesses, ‘rings
‐ in’ with
questions, takes notes with a listening frame and so on.
CIRCLE OF VOICES
Purpose:
Generate ideas, develop listening skills, have all students participate, equalize learning
environment
Set Up:
Moveable chairs preferable
44
How it works:
This method involves students taking turns to speak. Students form circles of four or five.
Give students a topic, and allow them a few minutes to organize their thoughts about it. Then
the discussion begins, with each student having up to three minutes (or choose a different
length) of uninterrupted time to speak. During this time, no one else is allowed to say
anything.
After everyone has spoken once, open the floor within the subgroup for general discussion.
Specify that students should only build on what someone else has said, not on their own
ideas; also, at this point, they should not introduce new ideas (Brookfield & Preskill, 1999)
(all from
http://cte.uwaterloo.ca/teaching_resources/teaching_>ps/Other/gw_types_of_small_groups.p
df.pdf
)
POST – IT DIALOGUES
Purpose:
Public discussion without necessarily having to ‘speak’ publicly, visual a, kinaesthetic and
auditory elements, good for having something tangible to discuss ‘around’
Set Up:
Post
‐it notes for each student, space to move around
45
How it works:
Lots of different ways – could have a few sheets of sugar paper with statements or questions
on and students read them and post comments; groups of 3/4/5 have to answer question on
post its, or produce comments, which they then share, discuss and present; could use ‘role on
the wall’ and students express opinions/emotions on post
‐its.
ROTATING STATIONS
Purpose:
Build on others’ ideas, cover a topic or question holistically, active and pacey
Set Up:
Series of stations around the room with stimulus, sugar paper and pens (or give each group a
different coloured pen to take around – therefore keep track of who’s contributed what)
46
How it works:
Locate each small group at a station where they are given 10 minutes to discuss a provocative
issue and record their ideas on newsprint or a chalkboard. When this time is up the groups
move to new stations in the classroom where they continue their discussion, based on the
ideas they encounter from the previous group. Rotations continue every 10 minutes until each
group has been at all of the positions and has had a chance to consider all of the other groups'
comments
(from
http://drscavanaugh.org/discussion/inclass/discussion_formats.htm
)
THINK – PAIR - SHARE
Purpose:
Structured way of developing ideas and thoughts
Set Up:
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Nothing specific
How it works:
See below
Find out more
http://www.eazhull.org.uk/nlc/think,_pair,_share.htm
THREE STEP INTERVIEW
Purpose:
Structured way of developing ideas and thoughts
Set Up:
Pods of four
How it works:
48
Divide four
‐ member groups into two pairs: A and B, C and D. In step 1, A interviews B
while C interviews D. In step 2, reverse roles: B interviews A while D interviews C. In step 3,
share
‐ around: each person shares information about his/her partners in the group of 4.
(From
http://drscavanaugh.org/discussion/inclass/discussion_formats.htm
)
Classroom activities to promote learning
how to learn
This section contains activities offered by Watkins et. al. (2000). The focus is on learning
about learning. The purpose is to help pupils explore, reflect on and learn about the processes
of learning.
49
The principles about learners and learning which underlie these activities are as follows:
1 An effective learner is a person who has gained an understanding of the processes involved
in learning and is able to apply that understanding in learning across a wide range of contexts.
2 Effective learning involves processes of:
• making connections about what has been learned in different contexts
• reflecting about one’s own learning and learning strategies
• exploring how the learning contexts have played a part in making the learning effective
• setting further learning goals
• engaging with others in learning.
The activities in this section are not, therefore, related to particular subject areas but, rather,
to the processes of learning, and of learning in different contexts. The overall aim is to
enhance pupil learning across a range of different contexts. The activities are structured to
have a sequence and a progression. They have been designed to be pupil and teacher friendly
and could be used with secondary or junior pupils, but they would need adaptation for
younger learners.
When planning for effective learning, the tasks and processes need to promote:
• active learning
• collaborative learning
• responsibility in learning
• learning about learning.
In order to achieve this the activities are carefully structured around stages in the learning
cycle.
Do The learners engage in a variety of tasks and processes which require reflection,
collaboration and group work.
Review The learners reflect on the activity and evaluate the cognitive and affective aspects
which may have helped or hindered their learning both as individuals and as part of the
group.
Learn The learners process the insights and understandings which emerged in the review
stage about the learning. These may touch on:
why
purposes in learning
how
do strategies in learning
what
result effects in learning
how feel feelings in learning
when, who with, where context of learning
This then leads to learners developing new strategies and/or revising their old
strategies for learning.
Apply Learners reflect on and make plans about using their new or revised strategies in
different learning contexts. The role of the teacher is crucial in these activities in promoting
effective learning
Do The teacher encourages and supports the learners in engaging actively in the activities,
tasks and processes.
Review The teacher facilitates the reflection, discussion and feedback and supports the
emergence of new understandings and insights and the learners’ evaluation of strategies.
50
Learn The teacher helps the pupils to make the learning explicit, drawing out the insights and
understandings that emerged in the review stage, helping to compare and contrast present
strategies and how they can be revised and developed for the next stage.
Apply The teacher helps the learners to plan future action differently in the light of new
understanding, by promoting transfer of learning, planning of strategies for specific situations
and contexts, and goal-setting.
HOW DO WE LEARN BEST?
This review activity can help you:
(Developed from Gibbs G (1981), Teaching Students to Learn: a
student-centred approach, Milton Keynes: Open University Press)
• to start to think about your own learning
• to spot some things that influence your learning
• to see some things about yourself as a learner
• to lead on to a discussion of how to improve your learning.
51
Review
1 On your own, think back to a past experience of learning where the experience was not a
good one. It could be at school, in sports or in a hobby – but it was an occasion when you
were wanting to learn and it was not such a good learning experience. Maybe you felt
frustrated in the learning, or you did not learn what you wanted to.
Remember it in detail and then think about what made this not such a good learning
experience. Write down the things that caused it to be like that. [3 minutes]
2 Now do the same for a good learning experience – where you learned what you wanted to,
perhaps you enjoyed it a lot, were very involved, and so on.
What was it that made the learning so good? Write down some of the things.
[3 minutes]
3 In pairs, tell each other about the experiences you chose. Explain why the experiences were
good or not.
Look for similarities and differences between what you have said. Are there some things that
were alike in your experiences? Are there ways in which your preferences differ? [10
minutes]
4 In the whole group, collect up some of the comments everybody has made.
Then ask how we explain what makes a good learning experience and what makes a not so
good learning experience.
Learn Did any of the following areas emerge when explaining the good and not so good
learning experiences?
• Why you were learning, anything about your purpose?
• How did you do it, the strategy you adopted as a learner?
• What results, the effects of your learning, on you and on others?
• How did you feel regarding this learning – before, during and after?
• When, where, who you were with for this learning, the context you were in?
Did you find anything interesting about your own or other people’s learning?
Apply Following this activity, is there something new that you want to try out in your
learning? Which situation will you choose?
When?
When will you discuss with others what happened when you tried something new?
LEARNING STRATEGY QUESTIONNAIRE
How do you go about your learning? This activity can help you to spot some of your
strategies in learning, and then give you a chance to think about them.
Do
Read each of the six statements below, and for each one
decide whether you:
Strongly Disagree
mark under the column SD
52
Disagree
mark under the column D
Don’t Know
mark under the column DK
Agree
mark under the column A
Strongly Agree
mark under the column SA
1. I want to take only those subjects in
school that would help me to get a job, not
those that might be more interesting
2 I find that my school work can give me a
good feeling inside
3 I try to obtain high marks in all my
subjects because I like to beat the other
kids
4 I tend to study only what the teacher
says, no more
5 While I am learning things in school, I
try to think of how useful they would be in
real life
6 I have my way of keeping my books,
notes and other class things so that I can
find them easily
Did you find yourself strongly agreeing with one of the above
six more than the others?
Which was it: a, b, c, d, e or f (see right-hand column)?
Now try some more:
SD
D
DK A
SA
a
b
c
d
e
f
53
7 If I do badly on a test, I worry about how
I will do next time
8 I say what I think is right, even though
others may know more than me
9 I really want to do better than anyone
else in my school work
10 I learn best when I memorise things by
heart
11 In reading new stuff, I am reminded of
things I already know and see them in a
different way
12 I try to plan my work all through the
school year so that I get the best grades I
can
Again, did you find yourself strongly agreeing with one of the above six more than all the
others? Which was it: a, b, c, d, e or f?
Give yourself:
two points for a one point for an minus one for a minus two for a
‘Strongly Agree’ ‘Agree’ ‘Disagree’ ‘Strongly
Disagree’
Now make a total of your points in each of the six types so far on the chart.
Statement
Points
Statement
Points
Total so far
1
7
a
2
8
b
3
9
c
4
10
d
5
11
e
6
12
f
Here are a few more, to see whether there is a pattern in what you say:
SD
D
DK
A
SA
a
b
c
d
e
f
54
13 The only reason I can see for working hard
in school is to get a good job when I leave
school
14 I become interested in many school subjects
when I work at them
15 I like the results of tests to be put up in class
so that the others can see how much I beat them
by
16 I prefer learning facts and details about
things to trying to understand them
17 I like to form my own ideas on a topic before
I feel good about it
18 I try to do all my assignments as soon as they
are given to me
19 Even when I have studied hard for a test, I
worry that I may not be able to do well on it
20 I find that learning some topics can be
really exciting
21 I would rather do well in school than be
popular
with my class mates
22 In most subjects I do enough just to pass,
and no more
23 I try to relate what I learn in one subject
to other subjects
24 I review soon after most lessons to make
sure I understand what was taught
SD
D
DK
A
SA
a
b
c
d
e
f
SD
D
DK
A
SA
a
b
c
d
e
f
55
25 Teachers should not expect us to work on
things that are not going to be tested
26 One day I might be able to change things
in the world that I think are wrong
27 I will work for top marks whether or not I
like the subject
28 It is better for me to learn facts and details
than to try to understand general ideas
29 I find that most new things taught in
school are interesting and I may even spend
extra time finding out more about them
30 When a test is returned, I correct all the
errors I made and try to see why I made them
31 I only want to stay in school long enough
to get a good job
32 I believe that school should help me form
my own ideas
33 I see doing well in school as a
competition, and I am determined to win
34 I don’t spend time on learning things that
I know won’t be on the tests
35 I spend my free time finding out more
about interesting things that have been talked
about in class
36 I try to read all the things the teacher says
we should
Now make a total of your points in each of
the six types on the chart.
SD
D
DK
A
SA
a
b
c
d
e
f
SD
D
DK A
SA
a
b
c
d
e
f
56
Total
from
other
page
Statement Points Statement Points Statement Points Statement Points Total
13
19
25
31
a
14
20
26
32
b
15
21
27
33
b
16
22
28
34
b
17
23
29
35
e
18
24
30
36
f
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