MAIN PART
Tourism is one of the fastest growing areas in the
world economy. According to the United Nations
world tourism organization (UNWTO) and the IMF,
its contribution is estimated at 3.5 trillion. doll., which
is equivalent to 10.9% of the world’s gross domes-
tic product (GDP) and 7% of the world’s investment.
Since 2000, the tourism industry has ranked first in
the world’s exports of goods and services, surpass-
ing the automotive, chemical, food and electronics
industries, with up to 45% of exports from the least
developed countries and one in 12 jobs. In 2019, the
number of international tourist trips reached 980
million, which was 4% higher than in 2018. The annu-
al turnover of the industry exceeded 1 trillion. dol-
lars’. The number of jobs is estimated at 195 million
people, or 8% of the total employment in the world.
In 2020, the total number of tourists may reach one
billion people [Предоставление информационных
услуг [Электронный ресурс]].
According to experts, the world tourism industry
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is actively involved in many processes taking place
in the world, in the growing competition between
countries and regions, at the same time, it is the
main, main organization that provides a dynamically
growing volume of travel and excursions.
In the ranking of countries in the world accord-
ing to the travel and Tourism Competitiveness In-
dex 2019 (Travel and Tourism Competitiveness In-
dex 2019), published by the world economic forum
group (WEF), Switzerland retained the first place.
The second and all subsequent positions were taken
by Germany, Austria, Spain, the United Kingdom, the
United States, France, Canada, Sweden and Singa-
pore, included In the top 10 in the competitiveness
rating. Burundi, Chad and Haiti complete the list of
140 States [Предоставление информационных
услуг [Электронный ресурс]].
Kazakhstan in the General list of the «travel and
tourism competitiveness Index» as shown by the
trend of 2019 has risen in the ranking by 5 lines and
is on the 88th line, in relation to the 93rd place in
2018. Kazakhstan is on the 18th place in the regional
chart of the «Asia-Pacific region».
According to the indicators of the “global com-
petitiveness Index”, the trend of Kazakhstan is as
much as 21 positions. In 2019, Kazakhstan’s ranking
is 51st, compared to 2018, where Kazakhstan ranked
72nd [1].
At the beginning of the XXI century, tourism has
become one of the leading areas of socio-econom-
ic, political and cultural activities for many countries
and regions of the world.
More than 30 sectors of the economy are directly
or indirectly connected with tourism. Its successful
development requires high-quality infrastructure,
including roads, hotels, and catering facilities. All
this makes it possible to solve complex regional
problems, create many jobs and overcome the het-
erogeneity of the economic space. Finally, tourism is
an effective means of preserving historical, cultural
and natural heritage [Алексеев А.А., 2018].
Development of inbound and domestic tourism
– one of the priority programs of the government,
since tourism and travel is one of the leading ex-
porters of: entering, guests are directly involved in
the process of injection of foreign currency into the
country’s economy and the development of domes-
tic tourism enables you to keep the finances of the
country’s population. As you can see on the graph,
inbound tourism tends to grow in the post-crisis pe-
riod, where the lower point of 834.2 thousand peo-
ple was the first quarter of 2018, and by 2019 the in-
dicator increases by 58% to 1322.5 thousand people.
It should be noted that the growing econom-
ic activity of the countries where the main flow of
tourists to Kazakhstan is observed also contributes
to the growth of indicators of inbound tourism. In
addition, the General interest in Kazakhstan is also
caused by measures to create the country’s image,
its recognition, and recognition in various sectors of
the world economy [Барышев А.Ф., 2017].
The number of trips of Kazakh citizens abroad
also continues to grow, the number increased by
12.2% compared to the same period in 2019 and
amounted to 2105.3 thousand trips. As before, the
main motive for departure was the purpose of rest
during vacation time.
Unfortunately, a significant decline was observed
in domestic tourism, as compared to 2018 (918.2
thousand people), 2017 (836.4 thousand people)
and 2019 (1254 thousand people), where the figure
was higher than in 2019 (672.3 thousand people).
Traditionally, the indicators of domestic tourism de-
pend on the identified problems affecting demand:
these are climate indicators in the winter period fall-
ing on the I and IV quarter of the year, high price
policy of domestic flights, both land transport and
air, as well as the price policy of hotel services, and
catering places.
Thus, the cost of a week’s stay in any of the cities
of Kazakhstan is constantly growing and now ex-
ceeds the cost of a similar trip to Prague or Buda-
pest. As for visiting other parts of the country, the
price is also a deterrent for tourists, mainly because
of the distance of travel, but even more concerns are
caused by the questionable quality of tourist servic-
es. The reason for this in the vast majority of cases
is the weak development and poor condition of the
relevant infrastructure-roads, transport links, lack of
hotels of acceptable quality, as well as the lack of
tourist services, such as information centers. These
reasons can mainly explain the huge difference in
the number of departures from the country com-
pared to entries [Биржаков М.Б., 2018].
Thus, over the past period, there has been a
slight increase in the growth of tourist activity. How-
ever, the main factors hindering the development of
domestic and inbound tourism remain the underde-
veloped tourist infrastructure, the lack of favorable
conditions for investment, the low quality of tourist
services and the insufficiently active image position-
ing of Kazakhstan.
From the statistics of tourists served in Kazakh-
stan, the following characteristics can be distin-
guished. For the first quarter of 2020, the number
of locations in Kazakhstan 1526 (hotels, categories
uncategorized, holiday homes, pensions, etc. space
locations), with total number of rooms 37 434, 16
155 standard 7912 no amenities, 6537 luxury, 391
apartments, with single occupancy 85159 beds.
Hotels served 627,700 visitors – including 118,655
non-residents and 509,135 residents. New places
of accommodation are being put into operation,
including 16 5-star hotels, 51 – 4*, 93-3*, 23 -2*,
19 – 1*, 855 – without category, 469 other place-
ments [Предоставление информационных услуг
[Электронный ресурс]].
Of the total number of visitors, 85.3% stayed be-
tween 1 and 3 nights. Analysis of statistics.
The rating takes into account such criteria as lo-
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cal legislation, the level of the environment, safety,
health and hygiene, all types of air and ground trans-
port services, infrastructure of the tourism industry,
price indicators, human resources and the state of
culture [Боголюбов В.А., 2008].
Regardless of the economic level of the country,
the priority of the tourism industry is not in doubt.
Almost every country gives preference to its devel-
opment. So, according to the WTO, in 2019, the Chi-
nese spent more than $ 100 billion on foreign trips,
which is 41% more than in 2018, ahead of Germany
and the United States, each of which spent almost $
84 billion. travel abroad.
Kazakhstan, having a significant potential for
the development of the most important industry,
started its creation relatively recently, having missed
both the time and the large resources available in
the country. As you know, there are many unique
nature reserves and national parks on the territory
of the state, more than 9 thousand archaeological
and historical monuments, hundreds of medical and
health institutions. Experts pay special attention to
the Northern part of the great silk road. Many years
ago, the cities of Otrar, Sairam, Syganak, Sauran, and
Turkestan served as trade centers. Historians note
such historical monuments as the mausoleum of
Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, Dating back to the end of the
XV century? at the beginning of the XVI century, the
construction of Aisha-Bibi and Babaji-Khatun (X-XII
centuries), the mausoleums of Karakhan and Daud-
bek and other sacred places that open new regions
for tourists. (Business Kazakhstan, 2019, may 4).
It is quite obvious that there is no complete sys-
tem of tourism in the Republic. Separate industries
are developing that are practically unrelated to each
other.each of them has its own shortcomings, short-
comings, and at the same time positive aspects.
To overcome the existing shortcomings, in par-
ticular the limited information required, it is neces-
sary to ensure the presence of Kazakhstan at nu-
merous international exhibitions, timely release of
printed materials, distribution of booklets, guides
through the embassies of Kazakhstan and other
countries.
The obstacles that constrain the country’s con-
siderable potential include, first, high price indica-
tors for all types of services, including transport, ho-
tel and restaurant services; second, the low level of
state control of travel agencies, which is accompa-
nied by the uncontrollability of their activities; third,
the insufficient development of transport and hotel
infrastructure; fourth, the weakness of the research
base for research in this area; fifth, the lack of pro-
fessional staff; sixth, the imperfection of legislative
and economic incentives for inbound and domes-
tic tourism at the state and local level; seventh, the
small range of services offered; eighth, the territori-
al remoteness of the country; ninth, the unresolved
visa problems and a number of others.
As evidenced by the practice of formation and
development of tourism, in recent years, business,
equestrian and wild tourism (the Hantengri moun-
tains and the TRANS-ili Alatau) have been actively
formed in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Among the
obstacles: inflated prices for services, including
flights within the country, low level of service, and
some others. A number of other types of tourism are
almost not developed.
To overcome this trend in the tourism sector, var-
ious project options are currently being developed
aimed at the full development of domestic tourism
and a significant increase in the level of the most
important sphere.
Tourism is not only the largest, but also the fast-
est growing sector of the world economy, whose
growth rates are almost 2 times higher than the
growth rates of other sectors of the economy. In
terms of key indicators, including the efficiency of
investment, tourism is comparable to the oil indus-
try.
Tourism accounts for about 10% of the world’s
total product, 30% of global service exports, 7% of
global investment, 10% of jobs, and 5% of all tax rev-
enue.
On average, to generate income equivalent to
that of a single foreign tourist, it is necessary to ex-
port to the world market about 9 tons of coal or 15
tons of oil, or 2 tons of high-grade wheat. At the
same time, the sale of raw materials depletes the
country’s energy resources, and tourism works to
renew resources. Each tourist entering the country
spends an average of about $ 20 per hour, and 30
tourists generate 1 job.
Tourism, being an important segment of foreign
trade that involves export-import operations with
services, has the specifics of “invisible” exports. Un-
like other sectors of the economy, whose products
are transported to the consumer, it causes people
to migrate to places where recreational resources
are concentrated, and the consumption of these re-
sources occurs in a certain place.
Currently, tourism is one of the most profita-
ble businesses in the world. Using about 7% of the
world’s capital, tourism is firmly in third place after
exports of oil, petroleum products and automobiles.
According to the UN world tourism organization
(UNWTO), by 2030, it is expected that 1.8 billion
people will travel to famous cities, popular resorts
and monuments of history and culture, and rev-
enues from hotel and tourist services will amount
to approximately 2 trillion. doll. USA, in the field of
tourism will create 550 thousand new jobs.
The industry of business tourism (MICE) in its
modern sense became one of the most promising
sectors of the economy. Today large foreign com-
panies spend on business travel of about $ 2 tril-
lion. doll. USA per year, and costs provided for in the
main areas of expenditure, after staffing, taxes, rent,
IT and communications.
According to WorldTravel & Tourism Council
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(WTTC), the global business tourism market exceed-
ed 1.106 trillion in 2017. doll. USA. At the end of 2018,
business travel expenses rose to 1.150 trillion. doll.
In 2019, according to estimates, it increased by 3.7%
and reached 1.192 trillion. dollars’.
By 2026, the global business tourism market
will be estimated at 1.658 trillion. doll. The annual
growth will average 3.7%.
The fastest growth in tourism is also observed in
three countries-China, India and Russia. Kazakhstan,
as the closest neighbor of Russia and China, can take
its place in the world in business and event tourism.
According to UNWTO forecasts, ecotourism will
grow at a rapid pace over the next two decades, and
global ecotourism spending will grow at a higher
rate than the entire tourism industry as a whole.
Moreover, today the number of annual visits to
specially protected natural areas in the world is 8
billion visits, of which 80% are in Europe and North
America. These visits generate $ 600 billion in direct
spending and an additional $ 250 billion in consum-
er spending. At the same time, according to the in-
ternational ecotourism society, the market shows
annual growth of 25% and generates revenue of $
470 billion.
Tourism is expected to increase due to the emer-
gence of new territories to visit, since traditional are-
as of the world tourism market have almost reached
the limit of recreational opportunities.
According to the forecasts of the Asian travel
Monitoring, the most dynamically developing tour-
ist markets in 2050 will be Brazil, Russia, India, China,
Mexico, South Korea, Malaysia, and Thailand.
In the General tourist flow, based on the ma-
terial situation, representatives of the middle class
predominate. At the same time, the cost of travel
around the world continues to decline mainly due to
the spread of low-cost flights, reducing travel times
(1-3 nights), and choosing alternative means of ac-
commodation and transport.
Features of a new type of mass consumer in the
tourist services market:
– Awareness, high level of education;
– High demands on the quality of services, with-
out the need for extra comfort;
– Individualism and independence;
– Ecologic of consciousness;
– Spontaneity of decisions;
– Mobility;
– Physical and mental activity on vacation;
– The desire to get a kaleidoscope of impressions
from life.
Thus, there is a clear trend of transformation
of mass conveyor tourism into much differentiat-
ed tourism, generating demand for multiple highly
specialized segments, «flexible» tourist products,
and new tourist destinations, online booking and
shopping technologies.
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