Primary ways of forming phraseological units are those when a unit is formed on the
basis of a free word-group:
a) the majority of phraseological units are built by means of transferring the
meaning of terminological word-groups. E.g.
launching pad
– in its direct meaning in
cosmic terminology
‗стартовая площадка
‘, in its transferred meaning –
‗отправной
пункт
‘
b) a large group of phraseological units was formed from free word groups by
transferring their meaning (simile, contrast, metaphor), e.g.
granny farm –
‘
пансионат для престарелых
’, Troyan horse – ‘
компьютерная программа
,
преднамеренно составленная для повреждения компьютера
’
c) by means of rhyming,
by hook or crook
(
‗
by any possible means‘)
, high and
dry
(
‗
left without help‘)
76
d) they can be formed by means of expressiveness, it is especially characteristic
of interjections, e.g.
‗
My aunt!’, ‘ Well, I never!’.
e) they can be formed by means of distorting a word group, e.g.
odds and ends
was formed from
odd ends
f) they can be formed by using archaisms, e.g.
in brown study
where both
components preserve their archaic meanings
g) they can be formed when we use some unreal image, e.g.
to have butterflies
in the stomach ‘
испытывать волнение
’
h) they can be formed by using expressions of writers or politicians in everyday
life, e.g.
corridors of power
(Snow),
American dream (
Alby),
the winds of change
(Mc Millan)
Secondary ways of forming phraseological units are those when a phraseological
unit is formed on the basis of another phraseological unit. They are: a) conversion,
e.g.
to vote with one’s feet
was converted into
vote with one’s feet (expressing a
protest by going away)
b) analogy, e.g.
Curiosity killed the cat
was transferred into
Care killed the cat
c)
contrast, e.g.
thin cat
(
‗
a poor person‘) was formed by contrasting it with
fat cat
(
‗
a
rich person‘)
d) borrowing phraseological units from other languages, either as translation
loans, e.g.
to take the bull by the horns
(Latin), or as phonetic borrowings, e.g.
bona
fide
(Latin).
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