tape
(
бюрократия
)
, kick the bucket
(
умереть
)
, to show the white feather
(
струсить
,
проявить малодушие
). The meaning of phraseological fusions cannot be deduced
from the meanings of the constituent parts; the metaphor on which the shift of the
meaning was based has lost its clarity and is obscure.
Phraseological unities
are partially non-motivated as their meaning can usually
be guessed through the metaphoric meaning of the whole phraseological unit. E.g.
to
wash one’s dirty linen in public, at a snail ’s pace, to play the first fiddle
Phraseological collocations
are motivated but they are made up of words
possessing specific lexical valency. In phraseological collocations variability of
member-words is strictly limited. For example,
bear a grudge
may be changed into
bear malice,
but not into
bear a liking.
We can say
take a liking (fancy)
but not
take
hatred (disgust).
77
§
4. Structural classification of phraseological units
Prof. A.I.Smirnitsky worked out a detailed structural classification of
phraseological units, comparing them with words. He points out one-top units which
he compared with affixed words because affixed words have only one root morpheme.
He points out two-top units which he compares with compound words because in
compound words we usually have two root morphemes.
Among one-top units he points out three structural types:
a) units of the type
to give up
(verb+postposition type), e.g.
nose out
–
разузнавать
,
разнюхивать
,
to sandwich in
-
втиснуться
b) units of the type
to be tired
, e.g. to
be aware of, to be interested in
c)
prepositional-nominal phraseological units, e.g.
on the doorstep
(quite near),
on the
point of
Among two-top units he points out the following structural
types: a) attributive-nominal, such as:
first night, red tape, high
road
b) verb-nominal phraseological units, e.g.
to read between the lines, to speak
BBC, to fall in love
c) phraseological repetitions, such as:
now and never, part and parcel.
Such
units can also be built on antonyms, e.g.
ups and downs.
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