Диплом жұмысы 5В011900- «Шетел тілі: екі шет тілі»
Linguistic schools and research areas in English grammar
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| 1.3 Linguistic schools and research areas in English grammar
The XIX century was later called by scientists the century of comparative-historical linguistics. The founders of the comparative-historical method were Franz Bopp, Jacob Grimm (representative of Germany), Rasmus Rask (Denmark), Alexander Vostokov (Moscow), V. Humboldt, A. Schleicher, A. A. Potebnya, F. F. Fortunatov, A. A. Shakhmatov, F. De Sossur. These scientists made a comprehensive contribution to comparative-historical linguistics in the XIX century. Franz Bopp (1791-1867) in 1816, at the age of 25, wrote the work" formation of a classification system of verbs in Sanskrit with a classification system in Greek, Latin, Persian, and Germanic languages "and introduced the name" Indo-European". While the Danish representative Rasmus Rask mainly attached importance to etymology, Wilhelm Humboldt (1767-1835), as the founder of comparative historical linguistics, added amorphous, flective, agglutinative forms of languages, creating a typological classification of languages [14, 96b.; 15, 106b.]. In addition, the Italian Philippo Sassetti (1583-1588), living in India, compared Sanskrit with the Italian language and found similarities. In 1615, the Lithuanian scientist Michalo Lituanus compared the Lithuanian language with the Latin language and proved its correspondence. In 1723, the Dutch Lambert compared German, Dutch, Anglo-Saxon, and Icelandic. M. V. Lomonosov in 1755 compared five Indo-European languages: Russian, Latvian, Latin, Greek and German. Adherence to the formal (structural), content (semantic), functional directions of comparative typology contributes to the analysis of common and special features of two languages, the definition of term elements in the terminological system and the relationship between them, the definition of semantic features and the executive function of terms in the terminological field. Comparative typology helps not only to determine the existence and facts of languages, but also to determine their place in their own micro-system [16, 60-61bb.]. For example: in English: - ia (Gr), -Asis (Gr), -ism (Gr), etc. we can find out that affixes are productive in nouns in terminology, and that other motivational terms can be created based on these conjunctions. It is impossible not to mention the contribution of the London linguistic school to the unified formation of terminology and study of the problems of English language linguistics. It is known that the scientific work of this school in English has stimulated the penetration of many changes. The first publisher, Caxton, was engaged in translating and publishing books using the London dialect, using terms proposed by scientists. He said that although it was difficult to use so many grammatical teachings, it was much more understandable and impressive than the Old English language [17, 275b]. The London linguistic school as a school of structural (structural) linguistics of The XX century. 40s it is formed. The founder of this direction is J. R. R. Tolkien.Fers. Representatives of the school: W. Allen, M. Halliday, R. Robins, W. Haas, F. Palmer, etc.L. L. M. goal: to develop a general theory that can explain the uniqueness of languages; to develop a structural and functional approach to conducting research. The formation of the general linguistic goal of the London linguistic school was influenced by the ideas of E. Durkheim, F. De Sossur and some of the theories of behaviorism. The London linguistic school understood the task of linguistics to develop technical approaches to the study of language phenomena. The concept of" language " was used in three main meanings: 1) an internal necessity in human nature; 2) a traditional habit, that is, a constant study and active application of language norms; 3) a general term that denotes innumerable language acts (sentences). In the London linguistic school, "meaning" is recognized as a complex linguistic concept and shows that the meaning of any form can only be recognized by its use (function). At the same time, the terminology of the London linguistic school uses: semantic modus – the term "semantic modus", which can be phonological, lexical, etc. Representatives of this school put the role of context recognition in the study of meaning above. There are two main types of contextualization: situational and social context - situational (depending on the situation) and social context. Thus, the research of the London linguistic school covered the following issues: the place and function of language in society; language and culture; the nature of language and the development of language; language structure; levels and units of language; the system of linguistic terms; the main properties of linguistic categories; language meaning; theory of meaning depending on the situation; concept, types of context; language function; prosodic analysis. L. L. M. I was the reason for the development and formation of many terms in these areas of linguistics. History of Comparative Study of Indo-European languages in the XIX century.it begins with and is divided into four stages: 1) the period from the foundation of the comparative-historical method to the age of the grammarians; 2) the period of the young people (1816-1870); 3) the period from the Younggrammatists to F. De Sousseur; 4) the period from F. de Saussure to the present. In this direction, the works of the founder of the Moscow linguistic school F. F. Fortunatov (1848) "comparative linguistics" (1898), "comparative grammar of Indo-European languages" (1902), A. Shakhmatov "historical linguistics" are noteworthy. And A. M. Peshkovsky, the youngest academician of Moscow, studied syntax and intonation in his doctoral dissertation, which he defended at the age of only thirty. The founders of the school of young grammatists, or "Leipzig" linguistics, were Karl Brugman (1849-1919), Hermann Osthof (1847-1909), Hermann Paul (1846-1921), Bertold Delbrück (1842-1922) and August Leskin (1840-1916). We would like to note the contribution of these scientists to comparative linguistics. The work of G. Paul "principles of the history of language" (1880) is called the justification of the approach of young people. B. Delbruck "introduction to the study of language, history and methodology of comparative linguistics" (1880), "basic problems of Language Research" (1901), P. Delbruck and K. Brugman's works" the basis of comparative grammar of Indo-European languages " (1886-1900), etc.are not only achievements of comparative linguistics, but also formed linguistic terminology in English [17, 98-100bb.]. The above data indicates that Linguistics has been an object of research since ancient times, has been analyzed and comprehensively classified over the centuries. We can see that the object, goals and objectives of its research have changed over time and become more complex, especially in the XX century. In modern linguistics, there are many problems that need to be solved. The three main problems of linguistics of our era: 1) formation and development of national linguistics in connection with the strengthening of the national state; 2) study, study of new languages in connection with existing discoveries in geography, natural sciences; 3) revision and development of ideas in antiquity and the Middle Ages, and the main goals of comparative linguistics are: 1) purity of the language of the nation; 2) literary language; 3) origin of language; 4) kinship of languages; 5) creation of international or common languages; 6) compilation of universal grammar; 7) comparative study of related or non-related languages; 8) search for names; 9) compilation of multilingual dictionaries; 10) separation of linguistic science from philosophical logic [18, 16B].. The historiography of linguistics today considers the history of linguistics as a system of ideas, views, and approaches that existed at each stage. This system reflects the philosophical views inherent in this tradition, the general level of development of Science and culture. In this regard, in the historiography of modern linguistics, attention is paid to methodological problems, questions are raised about the basic principles of depicting the object of historiography of linguistics and the process of development of linguistics. "The peculiarities of different trends, trends and schools that existed in the science of linguistics of the last century, mutual contradictions, violations of traditional continuity in terminology have led to the use of the local term" dialect". This has set researchers of linguistic terminology the difficult task of quoting terms, limiting them, and conducting comparative and comparative research" [19, 12b.]. Language has its own history, and it is in the process of eternal change. Language changes and develops in a particular society, depending on the changes in that society. Changes in the language give rise to new concepts by changing its structure and semantics. New names, research, and definitions arise on the basis of new concepts. Such new names have also been formed in the field of linguistics for centuries, and various research and research areas have developed. New names are not only newly formed names, but also names that are already present in linguistics, which have come from other languages. One of these names is the term linguistics. Linguistics, first of all," linguistics " began with Greek and Latin, then spread to many other languages through Indo-European languages: English, German, etc., and also entered the Kazakh language. "I don't know," he said. This term is an integral part of Kazakh linguistics. Therefore, we decided to first analyze the term "linguistics". The term linguistics gives rise to many phrases that refer to various branches of linguistics. Basically, "linguistics is the science of language", "linguistics" (Latin. lingua – language) - means a branch of science that studies linguistics [20, 414b.]. The field of linguistics, like other major branches of science, has its own history, and the field of linguistics is studied by the historiography of linguistics. The English language is of great importance in the formation of this direction, since English originated from Greek and Latin, which are among the "dead languages", and most of the terms related to linguistics were created on the basis of these languages. Since such elements are common in English grammar, it is necessary for our work to analyze terms in English grammar based on the methods of linguistic paleontology. For example: the origin of the terms paradigmatics, syntagmatics, which are more widely used in linguistics, is associated with the following meanings of the Greek language: paradeigma-sample, example, syntagma–unified construction. Based on the meaning of these words: a paradigm is a model of the creation of any language units, their groups and sets, United from each other by special or common features. A Syntagma is a two-membered structure in the form of an intonation-semantic unit, determinant-determinant, expressing a syntactically unified relationship. In modern use: paradigmatics, the meaning of the terms syntagmatics is based around the meaning of primary words, that is, paradigmatics – a language system that is recognized as a set of paradigmatics inherent in linguistic groups, syntagmatics - the doctrine of the analysis of special syntagmatic relations arising from a direct combination with each other of language units systematically located above speech or in the text. Thoughts that arise due to the common properties of both terms: system, set creation, teaching. But given that paradigmatics studies the relationship of language units in a vertical (vertical) position, syntagmatics analyzes language units in a horizontal (horizontal) position, these two terms are formed as a chain of terms in the paradigmatic vocabulary of linguistics, creating language antonyms in the semantic syntagmatic of the language. If we analyze these two terms morphologically, depending on their structure, both: derived terms and two affixes are formed by conjugation that is, the composition of these terms depends on the nature of the relict: -ic and-A. Relics of the Greek language-ic and-a the meeting of many languages in the system field can fully allow them to take their place, firstly, from the paradigms of term universals and, secondly, from nouns. Linguistic philosophy is a direction of analytical philosophy based on the analysis of everyday languages, which considers language in the context of neopositism. This direction was developed in the 1930s by L. Wittgenstein and J. R. R. Tolkien. It developed in Great Britain under the influence of Moore [9, 712b.]. A comparative analysis of languages is evidence that they developed mainly in the UK. In the Kazakh National Encyclopedia: linguistic philosophy is also called the philosophy of everyday language.it is shown that the beginning of the 40s and 50s was widespread mainly in the United Kingdom and the United States. There were two schools of linguistic philosophy – Wittgenstein's "Cambridge" School and Moore's "Oxford" School. Representatives of linguistic philosophy were of the opinion that language analysis is the only business of philosophy [7, 261 P.]. The term philosophy cannot be a separate linguistic term, but it can only serve as a linguistic term by referring to a separate linguistic term only in a text with a linguistic basis. In addition, geography, logic, psychology, history, etc. it is common for terms to serve as grammatical terms, and it is a conditional phenomenon that such concepts form the directions of linguistics. Linguistic statistics is a field of research that relies on computational and dimensional methods in language and speech. Based on mathematical statistics, they can be called statistical methods. Although the statistical method is little used in linguistics, it is effective in comparative and historical linguistics in determining the ratio and percentage of common features and features between languages. Historiography of linguistics is one of the areas of research devoted to the development of linguistics in the history of Science and culture. Theoretical substantiation of the development of linguistics, analysis of theories and Genesis concepts of linguistic thought, traditions of linguistics, schools, directions, etc. The historiography of linguistics originated in antiquity in the study of such issues as grammar, poetics, and rhetoric. However, as a scientific discipline of the XIX century. legs-xxg. it was developed at the beginning, that is, the development of General Linguistics, defining its stages, reflecting the main trends and directions, etc. the study of the problems was carried out. The views on the development of linguistics, which have developed in different eras in the formation of the historiography of linguistics, can be divided into the main stages. It shows that the formation of the historiography of linguistics was influenced by research conducted in different countries related to the history of linguistics. The formation of linguistic historiography as a science begins in the XIX century. The birth of linguistics is considered in relation to comparative – historical linguistics. That's why I'm here. before that, there was a negative attitude to the science of language. Xxg. 60 years. since then, with the advent of schools of structuralism, attention has begun to be paid to the synchronous-comparative study of languages in linguistics. The concept of F. desossur considers the development of linguistics in three stages: the "grammatical stage" (normative analysis of languages), the "philological stage" (interpretation of texts) and the "stage of comparative-historical linguistics" [21, pp. 3-4.]. The formation of grammar in a language is directly related to the history of linguistics. It is noteworthy that Sh.Sh.Zhalmakhanov divided the history of linguistics into 5 stages when periodizing the history of General Linguistics: 1)linguistics of ancient times (up to the fifth century AD); 2)linguistics of the Middle Ages (V-XV); 3)linguistics of the Renaissance (XV-XVIII); 4) linguistics of the XIX century; 5) linguistics of the XX century [22, 5B.]. One of the most pressing problems of linguistics is the comparative analysis of vocabulary of different languages, including terms, in one of the later developed branches of linguistics - comparative, comparative linguistics. Comparative, comparative linguistics of the XIX century. one of the areas of research in linguistics that appeared in the second half. Morphological classification of languages representatives of Indo-European and Semitic languages of the XIX century V. Humboldt, A. Schleicher, F. F. Fortunatov, E. Sepir, J.It was started by the works of scientists Greenberg, R. Jacobson, N. Ya.Marr, etc. The works of these scientists formed the basis for the formation of grammatical concepts: morphology and syntax. Morphological typology is divided into two types: typology, which establishes the morphological classification of languages, and typology, which deals with a separate Special Branch. Syntactic typology aims to study the main features of languages: words, phrases, and sentences by comparing them at different levels [22, 72B.]. Morphological classification of languages representatives of Indo-European and Semitic languages of the XIX century V. Humboldt, A. Schleicher, F. F. Fortunatov, E. Sepir, J.In 1996, the first scientific work of the scientist was published in the Journal "the history of the Kazakh people".]. Among the grammatical terms obtained using Greek-Latin prefixes in English, the most common productive prefixes are: Greek-based prefixes: an -, anti,- cata, - auto -, eu -, hetero -, hype -, hypo -, macro -, meta, micro -, para -, poly -, pseudo -, syn-etc.for example: ablative-ablative, antonym-antonym, category-Category, autonym-autonum, hypertesis-hypertesis, macrophoneme-macrophonema, polysemy - polysemy, pseudonym-pseudonym, etc. Latin-based prefixes: ab-, ad-, com-, de-, inter-, mono-, sub -, trans -, etc.for example: abbreviation-abbreviation, communication-communication, interference-interference, transcript-transcript, etc. There are not many productive affixes found in English grammatical terms: -IA-yes (aphemia-aphemia), -ASIS-ASIS (hypostasis - hypostasis), -ism-ISM ( behaviorism - behaviorism), etc.these affixes are based on the Greek language. Also in English grammar: de - (L)- delabilialization; en-(Gr) – enantiosemic; ill - (L)- illeism; ir-(L / Gr) - irregular; Irrelevant; mal- (F)- malapropism; non- (L)- non-semantic; OSS- (L)- occlusive; supra- (L)- supradialectal; un-(L)- unemotional prefixes are unproductive in English. In English word formation, the difference between prefixes of so-called semi-prefixes is due to the specific meanings given by semi-prefixes. For example: anti- (Gr)- antonym, the semi-prefix means the opposite and performs a productive function in creating term antonyms. As a result of the comparison, we found that in English, productive semantics of semantics are productive in Word formation. Productive half-timers: dia - (Gr) diaphone - diachrony; hyper - (Gr) hyperthesis - hyperonym, hyperbole-hyperbole; meta - (Gr) metaphor, metathyl, etc. Bi - (L)- vilingual –biligvism; extra-(L)- extralinguistics-extralinguistics, etc. The most common are word-forming signs expressed in calculus, mixed calculus: transcription - transcription, modal verbs - modal verbs, synchronous description - synchronous description, etc. In conclusion, we include word-forming Belisarius in English and their word-forming internal features: word-forming principles and word-forming elements, word-forming conjunctions: affixes, suffixes and prefixes. It was found that they helped to form a word-forming system, especially by grouping word-forming endings and prefixes of Greek and Latin languages. Grammatical symbols play a huge role in providing a clear and concise form of generalization and classification of certain conclusions. It also helps the reader to get clear information. Recently, scientists have increasingly used language symbols to provide statistical information in linguistics. жүктеу/скачать 308 Kb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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