Диплом жұмысы 5В011900- «Шетел тілі: екі шет тілі»
Formation and study of English grammar
жүктеу/скачать 308 Kb.
|
| Formation and study of English grammar
The development of linguistics is considered closely related to political and economic changes in the British Isles. After all, the grammar of the English language, or rather the grammar of the Latin language, the principles of correct writing and reading, occupies the "first place" in the field of medieval education [5, 47 p.]. Therefore, it is impossible to separate linguistics from the history of the English language. In this context, it is very important that the field of linguistics as a science was the beginning of grammatical research in Europe and that they were the first to be born in English. In general, the division of the history of the English language into three stages has become a tradition in the history of English education. Information about this is given in all textbooks on the history of the English language. In particular, the works of I. R. Galperin, I. A. Rastorgueva, I. A. Arnold, N. F. Blake, V. D. Arakin, R. S. Reznik, T. S. Sorokina considered the patterns of formation and development of the history of the English language in different directions. The fact that English belongs to the Germanic language group of the Indo-European family shows that the history of this language is also closely related to the history of the languages of this family. In language and culture, the basic needs and requirements inherent in human nature are reflected. The functional and genetic relationship between society, man, and language requires studying the functions of all three of them in order to know their existence. As for the specifics of the formation of English linguistics terminology: the first stage – Old English – is called the period of the Old English language or Anglo-Saxon and covers the period between the V-XII centuries BC. These are the oldest tribes that settled in Britain, the anglers and Saxons, in the III-V centuries BC."in connection with the conquest of the British Isles. They not only conquered the country, but also forcibly introduced their own language. Although no written language was formed during this period, Viiig. there is information about the presence of ancient inscriptions and monuments. The Old English language "Runic Alphabet" - "Rünik alphabet" with 26 letters. The Latin alphabet was established in the seventh century along with Christianity. Although Old English has many dialects and written monuments, Greek is among the dead languages, as are Latin [6, 39-42bb.]. At the same time, the Norman invasion of 1066 brought great changes to the English language. Their speech in ancient French and the forced introduction of their own language and culture do not affect the ancient English language. The second period-Middle English – the middle period-covers the period from the XII to the XV centuries BC. This period is associated with many grammatical, semantic changes, abbreviations, and patterns in the English language. Many factors influenced the development of the history of the English language. Especially the Scandinavian occupation, which lasted until the XI century, radically changed not only the history of the English language, but also its language. “The invading entry of the Scandinavians into the land of England made many changes to the English language: vocabulary, grammar and phonetics [7, 50 p.]. The third stage-Modern English-a new stage. This period is divided into two parts: Early Modern English, i.e. the initial New period, and Late Modern English – the subsequent new period. The real period of development of the basic English language begins with the publishing work of the XV-XVI centuries. In these centuries, the first dictionaries of "difficult words" were published: "Grammar models" is the first English Latin dictionary of the XV century. In addition, dictionaries can be useful, for example: "the life of words or a dictionary of real Italian, English words" by John Florio, 1598, "the dictionary of French, English" by Claudius Hollyband, 1593, Dictionary of English, Latin, French, J. R. R. Tolkien.Barrett, 1573, etc.dictionaries are considered the first successful works of linguistics in the English language [8, 115-116 PPR.]. The difference between the three main periods was shown by Henry suit in 1873 as "the Old English period has a very large number of suffixes and suffixes in the language, the Middle English period is the centralization of inflections, and the new English period is the period of disappearance of inflections." In the XI-XII centuries, Latin, French, and English languages were used in parallel in England. This was influenced by the political situation in the country. The influence of French and Latin languages around the 1400s is still preserved and has been formed in both English vocabulary, pronunciation patterns, and syntax [9, 114 P.] The field of literature and Linguistics, such as English politics and economics, flourished in the sixteenth century. Especially the development of all genres of literature-drama, poetry, prose and literary criticism-required a large number of linguistic terms. At the same time, the works of Greek and Latin classical writers E. Spencer, K. Morlow, W. Shakespeare, B. Johnson, Biyu Mont, Fletcher, etc.were translated and contributed to the formation and development of modern Greek, Latin terms and archaisms. Especially in translations of the works of E. Spencer and W. Shakespeare, archaic words and terms on the basis of French and Latin are borrowed in the same way. During this period, three main principles influenced the development and formation of the English language: 1.interest in classical Greek and Latin literature provided for the formation of classical grammar, phonetics and rhetoric on the basis of English. 2.a struggle was fought against the old French and Latin languages, preserving the morphology and syntactic norms of the Old English language. 3.there was an attempt to use words and phrases directed towards the spoken language voluntarily. Since the XVI century, many of the first scientific works and reconstructions have been carried out in English, and the basis of the scientific language has been created. This century is considered the real culmination of the English language. The oldest universities known all over the world are Oxford and Cambridge, which have brought great fruit to this cause. Among their printed works, along with dictionaries, there were also quite a lot of research works in the field of linguistics. For example, the "brief grammar of the English language", written in 1585, is recognized as a work written before the era of the formation of the field of grammatical linguistics as a science [10, 4B.]. O. Esperson, the title of the following works is welcomed by other scholars: Ginzburg's "lexicology of English words", 1580, W. Bullocar's "spelling of commonly used English words", A. Gill's "logomania of the English language", 1621, Ch. Butler's "English grammar", 1634, J."English grammar" by Cooper, 1685., J. R. R. Tolkien."Practical phonography" by Jones, 1701 and J. R. R. Tolkien. Walker's historical grammar, 1801 [11, 38 p.]. During these periods, the English language really developed in accordance with all the requirements, and the media notes that it is mutually intelligible, although there are some differences in America, Britain, Nigeria, India, and other English-speaking countries [12, 95-96rr.]. From this it can be seen that even then the media was the basis for the formation of terms. However, the turning point in science and literature in the following centuries led to the use of Latin terms that came through the French language. There was a time when even scientists themselves did not know how to pronounce Latin and French grammar terms correctly. In the XVII century, the English literary language underwent regulation and repair, and many patterns and rules began to be systematically implemented. The first linguistic and grammatical dictionaries of the XVIII century. from the very beginning, it was lit. The implementation of the norms of the English language achieved its goal in the XVIII century, language norms and systems, rules were approved. Research in many areas of linguistics has created conditions for the formation of language terms, the formation of embedded terms based on the rules of pronunciation laws. Combining the foundations of the English national language with the works of W. Shakespeare, W. Johnson, Spencer in the XIX-XX centuries, A. S. Wilde emphasizes the influence of 2 factors on the English language, which began to form over the past three and a half centuries. The first factor is the desire to create a better society in the language, competition in many cases, and the second is that the changes in the language in the direction of cultural development of the language completely weaken the already established vocabulary in the language. Summing up that these factors were influenced by the conditions in the country, society, politics and economy, he notes that the period of the new century was marked by the culturally unusual speech of the language, the learning of many phrases, and the fact that the vocabulary turned to the literary channel. The birth and recognition of many grammatical terms was associated with the beginning of the general education system of the XIX century and the inclusion of Media –newspapers, magazines, television, radio [13, 18-19rr.]. In the XIX century, the development and flourishing of language styles –fiction, journalism, scientific prose and functional styles-moved away from the spoken language and literary language. The formation of the style required the formation and transmission of definitions of many language terms in the language: anaphora, climax, antithesis, dialect, detached construction. In the history of the language, there have been many cases of re-formation of extinct ancient words as terms. The development of linguistics is considered closely related to political and economic changes in the British Isles. After all, the grammar of the English language, or rather the grammar of the Latin language, the principles of correct writing and reading, occupies the "first place" in the field of medieval education [5, 47 p.]. Therefore, it is impossible to separate linguistics from the history of the English language. In this context, it is very important that the field of linguistics as a science was the beginning of grammatical research in Europe and that they were the first to be born in English. In general, the division of the history of the English language into three stages has become a tradition in the history of English education. Information about this is given in all textbooks on the history of the English language. In particular, the works of I. R. Galperin, I. A. Rastorgueva, I. A. Arnold, N. F. Blake, V. D. Arakin, R. S. Reznik, T. S. Sorokina considered the patterns of formation and development of the history of the English language in different directions. The fact that English belongs to the Germanic language group of the Indo-European family shows that the history of this language is also closely related to the history of the languages of this family. In language and culture, the basic needs and requirements inherent in human nature are reflected. The functional and genetic relationship between society, man, and language requires studying the functions of all three of them in order to know their existence. As for the specifics of the formation of English linguistics terminology: the first stage – Old English – is called the period of the Old English language or Anglo-Saxon and covers the period between the V-XII centuries BC. These are the oldest tribes that settled in Britain, the anglers and Saxons, in the III-V centuries BC."in connection with the conquest of the British Isles. They not only conquered the country, but also forcibly introduced their own language. Although no written language was formed during this period, Viiig. there is information about the presence of ancient inscriptions and monuments. The Old English language "Runic Alphabet" - "Rünik alphabet" with 26 letters. The Latin alphabet was established in the seventh century along with Christianity. Although Old English has many dialects and written monuments, Greek is among the dead languages, as are Latin [6, 39-42bb.]. At the same time, the Norman invasion of 1066 brought great changes to the English language. Their speech in ancient French and the forced introduction of their own language and culture do not affect the ancient English language. The second period-Middle English – the middle period-covers the period from the XII to the XV centuries BC. This period is associated with many grammatical, semantic changes, abbreviations, and patterns in the English language. Many factors influenced the development of the history of the English language. Especially the Scandinavian occupation, which lasted until the XI century, radically changed not only the history of the English language, but also its language. “The invading entry of the Scandinavians into the land of England made many changes to the English language: vocabulary, grammar and phonetics [7, 50 p.]. The third stage-Modern English-a new stage. This period is divided into two parts: Early Modern English, i.e. the initial New period, and Late Modern English – the subsequent new period. The real period of development of the basic English language begins with the publishing work of the XV-XVI centuries. In these centuries, the first dictionaries of "difficult words" were published: "Grammar models" is the first English Latin dictionary of the XV century. In addition, dictionaries can be useful, for example: "the life of words or a dictionary of real Italian, English words" by John Florio, 1598, "the dictionary of French, English" by Claudius Hollyband, 1593, Dictionary of English, Latin, French, J. R. R. Tolkien.Barrett, 1573, etc.dictionaries are considered the first successful works of linguistics in the English language [8, 115-116 PPR.]. The difference between the three main periods was shown by Henry suit in 1873 as "the Old English period has a very large number of suffixes and suffixes in the language, the Middle English period is the centralization of inflections, and the new English period is the period of disappearance of inflections." In the XI-XII centuries, Latin, French, and English languages were used in parallel in England. This was influenced by the political situation in the country. The influence of French and Latin languages around the 1400s is still preserved and has been formed in both English vocabulary, pronunciation patterns, and syntax [9, 114 P.] The field of literature and Linguistics, such as English politics and economics, flourished in the sixteenth century. Especially the development of all genres of literature-drama, poetry, prose and literary criticism-required a large number of linguistic terms. At the same time, the works of Greek and Latin classical writers E. Spencer, K. Morlow, W. Shakespeare, B. Johnson, Biyu Mont, Fletcher, etc.were translated and contributed to the formation and development of modern Greek, Latin terms and archaisms. Especially in translations of the works of E. Spencer and W. Shakespeare, archaic words and terms on the basis of French and Latin are borrowed in the same way. During this period, three main principles influenced the development and formation of the English language: 1.interest in classical Greek and Latin literature provided for the formation of classical grammar, phonetics and rhetoric on the basis of English. 2.a struggle was fought against the old French and Latin languages, preserving the morphology and syntactic norms of the Old English language. 3.there was an attempt to use words and phrases directed towards the spoken language voluntarily. Since the XVI century, many of the first scientific works and reconstructions have been carried out in English, and the basis of the scientific language has been created. This century is considered the real culmination of the English language. The oldest universities known all over the world are Oxford and Cambridge, which have brought great fruit to this cause. Among their printed works, along with dictionaries, there were also quite a lot of research works in the field of linguistics. For example, the "brief grammar of the English language", written in 1585, is recognized as a work written before the era of the formation of the field of grammatical linguistics as a science [10, 4B.]. O. Esperson, the title of the following works is welcomed by other scholars: Ginzburg's "lexicology of English words", 1580, W. Bullocar's "spelling of commonly used English words", A. Gill's "logomania of the English language", 1621, Ch. Butler's "English grammar", 1634, J."English grammar" by Cooper, 1685., J. R. R. Tolkien."Practical phonography" by Jones, 1701 and J. R. R. Tolkien. Walker's historical grammar, 1801 [11, 38 p.]. During these periods, the English language really developed in accordance with all the requirements, and the media notes that it is mutually intelligible, although there are some differences in America, Britain, Nigeria, India, and other English-speaking countries [12, 95-96rr.]. From this it can be seen that even then the media was the basis for the formation of terms. However, the turning point in science and literature in the following centuries led to the use of Latin terms that came through the French language. There was a time when even scientists themselves did not know how to pronounce Latin and French grammar terms correctly. In the XVII century, the English literary language underwent regulation and repair, and many patterns and rules began to be systematically implemented. The first linguistic and grammatical dictionaries of the XVIII century. from the very beginning, it was lit. The implementation of the norms of the English language achieved its goal in the XVIII century, language norms and systems, rules were approved. Research in many areas of linguistics has created conditions for the formation of language terms, the formation of embedded terms based on the rules of pronunciation laws. Combining the foundations of the English national language with the works of W. Shakespeare, W. Johnson, Spencer in the XIX-XX centuries, A. S. Wilde emphasizes the influence of 2 factors on the English language, which began to form over the past three and a half centuries. The first factor is the desire to create a better society in the language, competition in many cases, and the second is that the changes in the language in the direction of cultural development of the language completely weaken the already established vocabulary in the language. Summing up that these factors were influenced by the conditions in the country, society, politics and economy, he notes that the period of the new century was marked by the culturally unusual speech of the language, the learning of many phrases, and the fact that the vocabulary turned to the literary channel. The birth and recognition of many grammatical terms was associated with the beginning of the general education system of the XIX century and the inclusion of Media –newspapers, magazines, television, and radio жүктеу/скачать 308 Kb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
|