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The concept of verbal stress;types and place of word stress in English
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| The concept of verbal stress;types and place of word stress in English
Essence off stress Word stress is the selection, or property of emphasis, of syllables against the background of other syllables in a word, according to the definition of T.I. Shevchenko. Stress in English, as well as in Russian, is carried out by the force of expiration, and way be accompanied by an extension of the stressed syllable. Stress, or accent, we can also call the selection of a syllable by increasing muscle tension and the pressure of an air stream or changing the pitch of the voice, that is, the voice tone. Languages differ from each other in the means by which a syllable is emphasized in a word. The selection of a syllable in a word can be: 1. Power, I.e. a certain syllable is pronounced louder compared to other syllables in the word; 2. Musical or tonal, I.e. achieved by pronouncing the stressed syllable at a different tonal level compared to other syllables in the world or by changing the direction or movement of the tone of the stressed syllable; 3. quantitative or quantitative, I.e. achieved by lengthening the stressed vowel; 4. qualitative emphasis is achieved by maintaining the quality of the vowel in the stressed position. In an unstressed position, the vowel is reduced. The effect of accentuation of a syllable can be achieved not only by pronouncing it with greater intensity or force at the acoustic level or by greater loudness at the perceptual level, but also due to longitude- the latest instrumental studies in the filed of the acoustic nature of word stress in English have been established. Word stress is a specific model of the relationship of all the syllables of a word, which is regulated by the strength of the pitch, quality and quantity. Let’s take a closer look at each type of stress. As we know, force stress is also called dynamic or expiratory. It is based on greater intensity, power of sound ( for example, in Russian “vod”, English “water” German “Wasser” and other languages). Stress is characterised by the fact that the stressed syllable is distinquished by the fact a greater force of exhalation and the intensity of articulation. The syllable is pronounced with greater force or tension of articulation. In languages with a strong dynamic stress, almost all the force of the air stream ejected from the lungs is used to pronounce the stressed sullable. Unstressed syllables are weakened and changed, as there is not enough strength for them. Changing the sound of unstressed syllables, and ecpecially their sonorous center, is called rebuction. Musical stress is also called tonic. This stress is based on falling or rising tone. If the stressed syllable is distinguishing from other syllables by changing the tone, then this musical stress. In musically stressed languages, there is a certain set of possible melodic characteristics for the stressed syllable, according to which we can distinguish the meaning of the word. The stressed syllable serves as a temporal unit for the realization of melodic characteristics, or mora ( the minimum temporal prosodic unit). Musical stress differs from the melodic component of word stress in languages with monotonic stress, where the type of accentuation of a stressed syllable by melodic means is not related to semantic assignment. In Chinese, Korean, Japanese, purely musical stress is presented. Quantitative stress, or quantitative stress, is based on the lengthening of the sound. A stressed syllable, most often dua to a vowel sound, may differ from others by an increase in the duration of the sound. It is quite rare to find languages with a purely quantitative stress. Modern Greek is an example of a language with such an accent. The fourth, qualitative type, implies the absence of vowel rebuction. Emphasis is achieved by maintaining the quality of the vowel in the stressed position. All these types of stress in most languages are usually used in combination with each other. All these methods of sound selection usually do not act in isolation, as “pure” types, but in various combinations. Stresses differ in sound correlation in a polysyllabic word: 1) main stress, or main. The actual stress, I.e. the stress that performs its direct function of highlighting one of the syllables in the world. 2)secondary stress is a side stress. Weaker, occurring along with the main one in polysyllabic words formed from two or more stems: organisation, realization. Along with the phonetic types of word stress, its structural types are distinguished according to the place of stress in the world. On this basis, stress is distinguished free (non-fixed, different) and connected (fixed, single). The stress that can be on any syllable of the accent word (initial, middle, final) is called free stress. Of course, in every word and in every grammatical form of such a language, the place of stress is usually fixed strictly. This type is English. There are cases when two different words or two different forms that have the same phonemic composition ohm, differ only in the place of stress (to in'suit - insult, 'insult - insult). Free stress can fall on any syllable: in this case, each word has its own fixed stress in the language, that is, the stress for the entire vocabulary of the language is not fixed on any one syllable or several syllables. The place of stress in a word in such languages is determined, in fact, only by the established tradition. Associated stress is a word accent in those languages where it always falls on one syllable of a word, for example: only the initial, only the last, only the penultimate syllable. The initial stress can be found in Finno-Ugric languages, as well as in Indo-European - Slovak, Czech, Latvian. If, during the formation of word forms or derivative words, the number of syllables changes, and the syllable on which the stress fell ceases to be the first or last, respectively, then the fixed stress becomes mobile. Thus, in languages with tense language, the place of stress is determined by the boundary of the word, and does not depend on its morphemic composition, and, therefore, serves as an indicator of the exact location of this boundary or an indicator of its proximity. Many languages have compound words that can be written in one word, two words, or hyphenated. In English, there are compound words with two main stresses, since both elements are semantically important: 1) words with prefixes that have meaning, for example: Anti- ; non- ′non-′party Ex- ′ex-′minister Under- ′under′do Over - ′over′build 1) compound adjectives, for example: ′well-′known, ′double-′stressed 2) verbs with postsyllables (phrasal verbs), for example: to get up to 'put 'off 3) complex numbers, for example: ′fif′teen ′twenty-′nine Free stress can be movable or fixed (in the formation of word forms and derivative words). S.F. Leontieva considers this division using the following examples: “we can consider the fixed stress using the example of the word “peas”. Compare: peas, peas, peas, also peas, peas, peas - the stress falls on the same syllable everywhere - “roh-” or “-ro-”. Consider also the constant stress on the example of the forms of the English word ˈfinish, ˈfinishes, ˈfinishing, ˈfinished. In all derivatives of ˈfinish, the stress falls on the first syllable” [9, p. 67]. Fixed stress characterizes in a certain way not only the word form given to us, but also the given root morpheme: in the word "pea" and its derivatives, it falls unchanged on the second syllable of the root. Stress in such cases is the same characteristic and clear feature of a given root morpheme as the phonemic composition of its indicator. That is, a fixed stress is such an stress that, regardless of its word form, always falls on the same syllable. Word stress in English, as well as can be also variable. In this case, it represents the semantic function of lexical units, grammatical forms, parts of speech. It is worth noting that in English verbal stress is used as a way of word formation, and it is used both for word formation and for form formation, for example: `Contrast – con`trast `Habit – ha`bitual `Music – mu`sician Thus, we can draw the following conclusions: verbal stress is carried out due to the isolation of the syllable by increasing muscle tension and the pressure of the air stream or by changing the voice tone. There are four types of accentuation: power, tonal (musical), quantitative and qualitative. They also distinguish the main and secondary stress in words, free and connected. Each of these types has its own. жүктеу/скачать 54,19 Kb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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