Тематические типы лирических циклов
Тематический
тип лирических
циклов
Тематические разновидности типов лирических циклов
Тип цикла
путешествия
географические путешествия: в Италию, Грецию,
Испанию, Европу, Африку, Америку и т. д.
путешествие в деревню
вынужденное путешествие в ссылку
путешествие в ад или по аду
Тип любовного
цикла
связан с формальным циклом сонетов или элегий
Тип циклов,
тематически
близких
циклическому
субъекту –
«субъективные»
темы
темы дружбы, смерти, радости, энтузиазма и пр.
автобиографических эмоций
молитвы, духовные размышления (медитации),
фантастические видения
темы переживания природы, протекающего времени,
ссылки, тюрьмы, лагеря
тема поэтического творчества и связанных с ним
ощущений вдохновения и пустоты
Тип циклов,
тематически
далеких от
циклического
субъекта –
«объективные»
темы
темы природы: пейзаж, растения, деревья и звери, камни и
минералы
темы предметов культуры
сады и парки
предметы искусства
типы людей: портреты святых, царей, художников,
простых людей и т. д.
календарные: календарное время, дни, сезоны, время года,
церковный год, календарный праздник
темы, связанные с временем: фазы человеческой жизни,
63
история мифологическая, библейская, народная или всего
человечества
философские темы
политические темы
сатирические темы
Каждая из этих тем лирических циклов может стать ведущей в цикле и
тем самым подтвердить введение соответствующего типа лирического цикла.
Современным исследователям явлений циклизации цикл представляется
динамическим эстетическим феноменом, поскольку читательское сознание
актуализирует в нем всё новые циклообразующие связи и скрепы, но восприятие
цикла как художественной суперструктуры происходит в читательском
сознании только при наличии читательской цикловоспринимающей готовности.
Такая готовность активизируется в современную эпоху, когда цикл становится
доминирующей формой художественного выражения. Иными словами, готов-
ность к циклообразованию постоянно заложена в природе художественности
литературного произведения, а цикл становится своего рода реализацией этой
готовности, которая возможна лишь при определенных условиях.
Таким образом, следует отметить, что широкое распространение худо-
жественной циклизации связано с тем, что цикл становится наиболее адекватной
формой бытия литературного произведения, композиционной формой, в
наибольшей степени соответствующей глубинным процессам, протекающим в
природе искусства, и моделью реализации этих процессов. Явление лирической
циклизации, в силу своих специфических особенностей, оказалось наиболее
удобным и широко распространенным средством выражения авторской мысли в
различных литературах. Это предопределило создание различных типоло-
гических классификаций лирических циклов в современном литературоведении.
Литература:
1. Абишева С.Д. Поэтическая система «Мир природы»: структура и
семантика. Алматы, 2002.
2. Европейский лирический цикл. Историческое и сравнительное изучение. М.,
2003.
3. Дарвин М.Н. Художественная циклизация лирических произведений.
Кемерово, 1997.
4. Ляпина Л.Е. Циклизация в русской литературе XIX века. Спб., 1999.
5. Фоменко И.В. Поэтика лирического цикла. М., 1990.
6. Яковлева В.Д. Циклы лирических стихотворений в поэзии И.М. Гоголева //
Проблемы творчества И. Гоголева. Якутск: Изд-во ЯНЦ СО РАН, 2004.
7. Яницкий Л. Циклизация как коммуникативная стратегия в современной
культуре // Критика и семиотика. 2000. Вып. 1-2. С. 170-174.
64
АУДАРМА ТЕОРИЯСЫ МЕН ПРАКТИКАСЫ
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА ПЕРЕВОДА
Kaziyeva Gulnara S.
SOCIOCULTURAL COMMENTARY AS THE WAY OF FULL
UNDERSTANDING TEXTS FOR FOREIGN READERS
In current article we consider the problem dealing with conflict cultures
through sociocultural commentary as the way of full understanding texts for foreign
readers. Reading classics and also its new intrpretations are impossible with definite
linguacultural commentary. The commentary is challenged to some new literary works
to apply more aesthetic value.
It goes without saying that the commentary is always for reading and
translating classic novels. So by definition, a novel becomes a classic only if it has
gone through the time and consequently the language, depending on “classic state”,
becomes old.
Thus, a collapse between cultures, its conflict are possible not only in coming
into native culture with other culture, but also it might be native culture when the
changes in society are getting to such level that new generation doesn’t understand or
doesn’t realize the culture and the worldperception of ancestors. The commentary to
any classic novel carries out the role of “bridge above abyss” dividing “now” and
“that” time to help a reader to look back on details of passed epochs.
In our article we consider a sociocultural commentary as coming to light the
changes in native culture and in language as a mirror of culture. Sociocultural
commentary discovers and at the same time solves the conflict between cultures.
What’s more here might be not only a conflict between native and foreign cultures but
also it is possible between past culture and new culture of the same people.
We have taken into consideration the novels The Scarlet Letter by
N.Hawthorne, Wuthering Heights by E.Bronte, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by
M.Twain. We think these novels have another thing in common, the seriousness of
their themes. It seems to be true that the best American and English novels are
concerned with moral problems. These novels represent important aspects of
American and British life.
The aim of our article consists of completely full understanding texts, filling
in the gaps in reader’s knowledge, solving the conflict of cultures and transferring the
conflict into dialogue between cultures.
It’s important to mark that any commentary not only reflects writer’s
perception by reader but also it forms and develops the reader himself.
According to S.G.Ter-Minassova [2, р. 90] “Educational sociocultural
commentary” includes:
Historisms – words denoting objects and phenomena which are, things of the
past and no longer exist.For instance: Be that as it might, the scaffold of the pillory
was a point of view that revealed to Hester Prynne the entire track along which she
had been treading since her happy infancy. (The Scarlet Letter by N.Hawthorne p65).
Scaffold is a raised wooden platform used for the execution of criminals. Pillory is a
65
wooden framework with holes for the head and hands, enabling people to ridicule a
person so imprisoned.
Archaic words – fully out of circulation, rejected by the living language. For
instance: A more elastic footstep entered next, and now I opened my mouth for a ‘good
morning’, but closed it again, the salutation unachieved; for Hareton Earnshaw was
performing his orisons, sotto voce, in a series of curses directed against every object
he touched, while he rummaged a corner for a spade or shovel dig through the drifts.
(Wuthering Heights by E.Bronte p35). Orisons is prayers. Or another example from
The Scarlet Letter:-“what with the ship’s surgeon and this other doctor, our only
danger will be from drug or pill; more by token, as there’s a lot of apothecary’s stuff
aboard.”(The Scarlet Letter by N.Hawthorne p220). Apothecary is a drugstore.
Words that changed its meaning in modern language. For instance: -“Nelly if
you be tired you may sit down; if not get home again – I guess you’ll report what you
hear, and see, to the cipher at the Grange; and this thing won’t be settled while you
linger about it.” (Wuthering Heights by E.Bronte p35). Cipher is a thing or a person
of no value or importance. But nowadays the word cipher means a secret or disguised
way of writing.
Allusion – a reference to some commonly known literary, historical,
mythological, biblical, etc. event. For instance: - “Answer the gentleman, Thomas –
don’t be afraid.” Tom still hung fire. “Now I know you’ll tell me,” said the lady. “The
names of the first two disciples were - ” “DAVID AND GOLIATH!” Let us draw the
curtain of charity over the rest of the scene.(The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by
M.Twain p36). David and Goliath: (in the Old Testament young David killed the
giant warrior Goliath with a slingshot).
“Misunderstanding words” - unclear words, sentences or phrases that can’t
be understood by readers. For instance: - “Oh, Lordy, I’m thankful!” whispered Tom.
“I know his voice. It’s Bull Harbison.” “Oh, that’s good – I tell you, Tom, I was most
scared to death; I’d a bet anything it was a stray dog.” The dog howled again. The
boys’ hearts sank once more. (The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by M.Twain p75). If
Mr Harbison had owned a slave named Bull, Tom would have spoken of him as
‘Harbison’s Bull’; but a son or a dog of that name was ‘Bull Harbison’. In this
context reader would be a little bit confused who is who or what is what. So ‘Bull
Harbison’ is a “misunderstanding word”.
It is supposed that the explanation of scientific facts is easer than lingual
commentary. “Without detailed analysis it is impossible to find out various
geographical, historical and other realia. Before “commentary-maker” there is a vital
advantage in possessing more Historical books, Geographical references, valuable
sources of true information that can’t be, unfortunately, found in students.”[2;97]
Thus, the commentary, by solving the conflict of cultures, translating classic
novels, we may define as encyclopaedic and common philological. The later, with
concrete and true information, contains additional information, on the one hand, the
information reveals the specific national, political and cultural or other connotations,
on the other hand, makes a link between proved facts, between people and classics,
between characters and author.
66
References:
1. Казакова Т.А. Художественный перевод. Теория и практика – Санкт-
Петербург, 2006.
2. Тер-Минасова С.Г. Язык и межкультурная коммуникация – Москва, 2000.
3. Иллюстрированный словарь английского языка OXFORD, Москва-2002.
4. Elaine Chaika. LANGUAGE The Social Mirror. London, 1982.
5. E.Bronte. Wuthering Heights. Puffin Books, 2000
6. N.Hawthorne. The Scarlet Letter. New York, 2000
7. M.Swan. Practical English Usage. Oxford, 1997
8. M.Twain “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”, Penguin Books 2002
9. The Oxford Russian Dictionary. English-Russian/Russian-English , Moscow-New-
York, 1997
Качан О.Л.
STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF VOCABULARY LEARNING STRATEGIES
The effective use of learning strategies is believed by many in the field of
language acquisition and pedagogy to be one of the most important skills that students
need to master in order to achieve success in language learning. Learning strategies
are important for language learning because they enhance a student’s own learning,
and students use them for active, self-directed involvement that is essential for
developing communicative competence [4].
The vocabulary of any language is huge and its acquisition takes time even for a
native speaker, so it twice as difficult for an L2 student. One of the most urgent
questions which troubles learners is how to achieve success in studying vocabulary, or
what strategies should be used.
Many attempts have been made by researchers to develop a classification
scheme of language learning strategies. They were Rubin (1987), Oxford (1990),
Schmitt (1997), O'Malley (1985), and Stern (1992).
Considering the classifications of the researchers mentioned above it can be
defined five main language leaning strategies such as Memory Learning Strategies,
Cognitive Learning Strategies, Metacognitive Learning Strategies, Communication
Strategies and Social Strategies that were used by students the most.
Memory strategies are “approaches which relate new materials to existing
knowledge” [6, p. 205]. They involve the use of creating mental linkages, applying
images and sounds, reviewing and employing actions.
The definition of cognitive strategies was practically adopted by Schmitt from
Oxford [4, p. 43] as “manipulation or transformation of the target language by the
learner.” They are “more limited to specific learning tasks and they involve more
direct manipulation of the learning material itself. Repetition, resourcing, translation,
grouping, note taking, deduction, recombination, imagery, auditory representation, key
67
word, contextualization, elaboration, transfer and inference are among the most
important cognitive strategies” [1].
It can be stated that metacognitive is a term to express the executive function,
strategies which require planning for learning, thinking about the learning process as it
is taking place, monitoring of one's production or comprehension, and evaluating
learning after an activity is completed. Among the main metacognitive strategies, it is
possible to include advance organizers, directed attention, selective attention, self-
management, functional planning, self-monitoring, delayed production and self-
evaluation.
“Communication strategies are less directly related to language learning since
their focus is on the process of participating in a conversation and getting meaning
across or clarifying what the speaker intended. They are used by speakers when faced
with some difficulty due to the fact that their communication ends outrun their
communication means or when confronted with misunderstanding by a co-speaker”
[5, p. 210]. “Communication strategies, such as circumlocution, gesturing, paraphrase,
or asking for repetition and explanation are techniques used by learners so as to keep a
conversation going. The purpose of using these techniques is to avoid interrupting the
flow of communication” [7, p.265].
Social strategies are used to understand a word “by asking someone who knows
it” [6, p. 210]. They include asking questions, cooperating and empathizing with
others. Although these strategies provide exposure to the target language, they
contribute indirectly to learning since they do not lead directly to the obtaining,
storing, retrieving, and using of language.
Features of Strategies
Dimension
Discovery
Consolidation
Memory
-
for
storing,
remembering and retrieving
new information
Image of word meaning
Connect to related words
Group words together
Study word sound/spelling
Keyword Method
Use physical action
Use cognates
Paraphrase word meaning
Underline initial letter
Cognitive - for understanding
and
producing
the
target
language
Verbal/written repetition
Note-taking
Put L2 labels on objects
Metacognitive
-
for
coordinating
the
learning
process
by
planning,
monitoring and evaluating the
best ways of study
Use L2 media
Test yourself
Continue study over time
Skip/pass new word
Social - for interacting with
other
people
to
improve
language learning
Ask teacher
Ask classmates
Group work
Group study/practice
Teacher checks word lists
Interact with L1 speaker
68
Determination
–
for
discovering a new word’s
meaning without recourse to
another person’s expertise
Analyze part-of-speech
Analyze affixes, roots
Check for L1 cognate
Guess from the text
Consult dictionary
Use word lists
Source: [6].
Being a MA student of GAU, Cyprus, I studied the topic and collected data
through a questionnaire. 100 students, which constituted 15 percent of the population, from
different skill levels, nationality, sex and age were randomly chosen to be included in the study.
The questionnaire consisted of questions related to the strategies that the subjects may
have used. The strategies were divided into five categories: memory, cognitive,
metacognitive, social and determination. The instrument contained a total of 20 items.
The first three statements of the survey examine the ‘memory strategies’. The next three
statements are related to ‘cognitive strategies. The third section from 8 to 13 investigates
‘metacognitive strategies’. In the fourth section, that is 14-18, ‘social strategies’ are
investigated. The last two statements of the survey are related to ‘determination
strategies’.
In all sections, the subjects were requested to state their opinion of the items on the
following scale: never, seldom, sometimes, often and always. Such a form of
questionnaire is called a Likert-type-scale continuum.
Questionnaire
never sometimes usually
often always
1.
I connect the new words
with their synonyms and
antonyms.
2.
I group words together
to study them.
3.
I
use
the
Keyword
method.
4.
I write new words over
and over again.
5.
I keep a vocabulary
notebook.
6.
I repeat new words
loudly.
7.
I take notes in class.
8.
I use new words in
sentences.
9.
I listen to English songs,
radio programmes and
watch TV programmes.
10.
I skip or pass new
words.
69
11.
I learn new words by
reading English books,
newspapers
and
magazines.
12.
I learn new words when
I take a word test.
13.
I
learn
words
by
revising them from time
to time
14.
I learn new words by
talking to somebody in
English.
15.
I ask my teacher or my
friends to tell me the
meaning of the word in
Turkish.
16.
I learn new words while
studying and practising
meaning
of
words
outside of class.
17.
I learn new words while
doing a pair work in
class.
18.
I learn new words while
doing a group work in
class.
19.
I
use
a
bilingual
dictionary
20.
I use a monolingual
dictionary
(English-
English).
The questionnaire used was adapted from the questionnaires of Schmitt (1997) and
Oxford (1990). The following test was fulfilled by the subjects during 20 minutes.
It was found out that the majority of the students used bilingual dictionaries.
Most of the learners may assume that dictionaries are one of the main resources of a
word definition or they may use them because of their teachers or books guidance.
Learners also prefered to make notes in class. This was another strategy often
used. Such a strategy is considered to be significant during the studying process because
this is a good way to keep track of words that have been learnt.
Thus, the conclusion was that students could not use all strategies properly. But
once students identify what they do and do not do, teachers can help them choose and
explore strategies that seem suitable to them to be able to learn the target language
more effectively, and to self-evaluate and self-direct their learning. Teachers might
meet with their students all time, introduce new strategies to them, then step back and
see how it is working. This requires effort and constant cooperation between teachers
70
and students. In order to achieve good results teachers themselves must be
knowledgeable about as many strategies as possible and introduce them to their
students whenever students need help. If teachers are not knowledgeable about
strategies, they need to make the effort to investigate strategies by themselves.
Learning a new language should be exciting, not frustrating.
In conclusion, we would like recommend some sites where it is possible to find
good resources and description how to learn English staying enthusiastic during the
whole
process.
They
are:
http://eslpod.com,
http://toeflpod.com,
http://englishcaster.com/blogs/, http://englishteacherjohn.com.
References:
1. O'Malley, M., Chamot, A., Stewner-Manzanares, G., Russo, P. & Kupper, L.
Learning strategy applications with students of english as a second language. TESOL
Quarterly, 1985, р. 557-584.
2. Kachan O. GAU foundation department students’ perceptions of
3. vocabulary learning strategies. MA project.
4. Oxford, R. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know.
MA: Heinle and Heinle, 1987.
5. Rubin. J. Learner strategies. Theoretical assumptions, research history and typology.
In A.L.Werden & J. Rubin (Eds.), Learner strategies in language learning. New
York:Prentice Hall.
6. Schmitt, N. & McCarthy, M. Vocabulary: Description, acquisition and pedagogy.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
7. Stern, H.H. Issues and Options in Lanuage Teaching. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
Магеррамова Ш.М.
ГЛАГОЛЫ, ОБРАЗОВАННЫЕ ОТ СОМАТОНИМОВ
(на материале русского и азербайджанского языков)
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