49
point of Botai type and the skeleton has been radiocarbon dated to a
calibrated range of 3368–
3631 cal BCE (2σ, UBA-32666), which
puts it at the earlier end of the Botai culture range.
Most of the skeleton was present for analysis. Notable elements
that were missing included the right tibia and fibula as well as most
of the left hand bones. The majority of the vertebrae and ribs were
present, though fragmented, and some were displaced, notably the
axis and atlas. The general bone preservation was poor varying
between most likely related to the shallow burial position and to
some animal and root disturbance. Overall, the bone surface
preservation was not good enough to identify some of the more
subtle types of pathological lesions that may have been present (e.g.,
periosteal new bone formation). The pelvis had
a broad sub-pubic
angle, the presence of a ventral arc, a sub-pubic concavity, a medial
ischial-pubic ridge, and a preauricular sulcus. These features are
suggestive of a female individual. However, the angle of mandible,
mandibular ramus, and mental protuberance were more indicative of
a male; although the nuchal area at the back of the skull was more
female in nature. Overall, the morphological characteristics indicated
that this was likely to be a female individual, and genetics confirmed
this sex determination. This individual was likely to be older than 45
years of age at time of death, based upon the morphological features
of the pubic symphysis and auricular surface.
Analysis of dental
wear indicated that this individual was likely to be middle aged,
indicating a slightly younger age of at least 35 years plus. The female
was estimated to be approximately 1.597 ± 0.042m based upon
measurements extrapolated from the right radius (the only long bone
that had not suffered post-mortem fracture in the ground). The
individual was relatively slight. Spicules of very discrete new bone
formation were evident in left and right maxillary sinuses and are
likely to be indicative of sinusitis. The left maxillary first molar had
been chipped during life and developed calculus, mineralized dental
plaque, at the fracture surface.
In 2018, further isolated finds of cranial/dental human
material
relating to 2 or 3 individuals were found around a nearby house. Two
specimens were sub-adult (one mandible and one maxilla fragment,
50
potentially from the same individual) and one maxilla specimen from
an adult.
The 2016 skeleton was the subject of ancient genomic analysis
and published by Damgaard et al 2018 in the journal
Science. These
findings are are discussed with full credit to all authors of that paper.
According to the commonly accepted “Steppe Hypothesis,” the
initial spread of Indo-European (IE) languages into both Europe and
Asia took place with migrations of Early Bronze Age Yamnaya
pastoralists from the Pontic–Caspian steppe. This is believed to have
been enabled by horse domestication, which revolutionized transport
and warfare. While in Europe there is much support for the Steppe
Hypothesis, the impact of Western steppe pastoralists in Asia,
including Anatolia, remains less well understood, with
limited
archaeological evidence for their presence. Furthermore, the earliest
secure evidence of horse husbandry comes from the Botai culture of
Central Asia, while direct evidence for Yamnaya equestrianism
remains elusive.
Damgaard et al 2018 investigate the genetic impact of Early
Bronze Age migrations into Asia and interpret their findings in
relation to the Steppe Hypothesis and early spread of IE languages.
They generated whole-genome shotgun sequence data (~1-25 X
average coverage) for 74 ancient individuals from Inner Asia and
Anatolia as well as 41 high-coverage present-day genomes from 17
Central Asian ethnicities. They show that the population at Botai
associated with the earliest evidence for horse husbandry derived
from an ancient hunter-gatherer ancestry previously seen in the
Upper Paleolithic Mal’ta (MA1), and was deeply diverged from the
Western steppe pastoralists. They form part of a previously
undescribed west-to-east cline of Holocene prehistoric steppe genetic
ancestry in which Botai, Central Asians, and Baikal groups can be
modeled with different amounts of Eastern hunter-gatherer (EHG)
and Ancient East Asian (AEA) genetic ancestry represented by
Baikal_EN.
In Anatolia,
Bronze Age samples, including from Hittite
speaking settlements associated with the first written evidence of IE
languages, show genetic continuity with preceding Anatolian Copper
Age (CA) samples and have substantial Caucasian hunter-gatherer
51
(CHG)-related ancestry but no evidence of direct steppe admixture.
In South Asia, we identify at least two distinct waves of admixture
from the west: the first occurring from a source related to the Copper
Age Namazga farming culture from the southern edge of the steppe,
the second by Late Bronze Age steppe groups into the northwest of
the subcontinent.
These findings reveal that the early spread of Yamnaya Bronze
Age pastoralists had limited genetic impact in Anatolia as well as
Central and South Asia. As such, the Asian
story of Early Bronze
Age expansions differs from that of Europe. Intriguingly, we find
that direct descendants of Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers of
Central Asia, now extinct as a separate lineage, survived well into
the Bronze Age. These groups likely engaged in early horse
domestication as a prey-route transition from hunting to herding, as
otherwise seen for reindeer. Our findings further suggest that West
Eurasian ancestry entered South Asia before and after, rather than
during, the initial expansion of western steppe pastoralists, with the
later event consistent with a Late Bronze
Age entry of IE languages
into South Asia. Finally, the lack of steppe ancestry in samples from
Anatolia indicates that the spread of IE languages into that region
was not associated with a steppe migration.
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