ТЕКСЕРУДЕН ӨТУ БОЙЫНША ЕРЕКШЕЛІКТЕРІ
Түйін: Зерттеу көрсеткендей, ОҚО негізгі аудандарындағы ауыл тұрғындарының жалпы аурушылдық деңгейі 1000 адамға
шаққанда Бәйдібек ауданында 794,1-ден және Сарыағаш ауданында 1112,4-ке дейін ауытқиды, алғаш сырқаттанушылық –
тексеруден өткен1000 адамға шаққанда 1451,9-дан 1508,4-ке дейін.
Түйінді сөздер: жалпы аурушылдық, ауыл тұрғындары, тұрғындар денсаулығы, емдік-профилактикалық ұйым, Оңтүстік
Қазақстан облысы, еңбекке жарамдылықтан уақытша айырылуға байланысты аурушылдыққа ұшырау.
A.U. EMBERDIYEV, G.K.KAUSOVA, A.R. AKILZHANOVА, M.A. BULESHOV, A.M. ZHAKSYBERGENOV
Kazakh School of Public Health, Ministry of Healthcare and Social Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty
Astana National Laboratory, Nazarbayev University, Astana
South Kazakhstan State Pharmaceutical Academy MH SD of RK, Shymkent
THE FEATURES OF MORBIDITY OF RURAL POPULATION ACCORDING TO NEGOTIABILITY AND
COMPLEX MEDICAL EXAMINATION
Resume: The study found that the level of total morbidity of rural population in the basic areas of South Kazakhstan region ranges from
794.1 in Baydybek district to 1112.4 cases in Sary-Agash district per 1000 population, the incidence of the primary - from 466.8 to 519.8 per
1,000 population, the incidence according to medical preventive examinations - from 1451.9 to 1508.4 per 1000 patients.
Keywords: the overall incidence, rural populations, public health, health facilities, South-Kazakhstan region, morbidity with temporary
disability.
660
UDK 612.216.2; 613.6.01
A.B. BERDYGALIYEV, K.S. NURZHANOVA, A.B. KARAGIZOVA, A.A. OTYNSHIYEVA
Asfendiyarov KazNMU, Department of Nutriciology,
Kazakh Academy of Nutrition
SPIROMETRIC REFERENCE VALUES IN RURAL AND URBAN CHILDREN FROM CENTRAL ASIA: THE KAZAKHSTAN HEALTH AND
NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY (KHAN-ES)
Spirometric parameters (FVC and FEV1) are influenced by several factors and generally valid prediction equations have been never defined in
particular for healthy children and adolescents. Spirometric data in urban-rural children and teens from Kazakhstan are reported in this study.
Experimental FVC and FEV1 were predicted taking into account of height, age, ethnic group (Kazakh, Russian), living environment (urban, rural)
and several other anthropometric parameters. The sample was constituted by 1,926 males and 1,967 females aged 7-18 years.
Keywords: spirometric parameters, nutrition status, FVC, FEV1
Introduction. Living environment slightly affected spirometric
values. In spirometric prediction equations for both sexes and
both FVC and FEV1 height explained almost all variance, but
inspiratory chest circumference and age gave significant
contribution to the model. Moreover, Russians had higher values
of FVC/FEV1 than Kazakhs and also ethnic group was inserted in
prediction equations. Finally, literature models that better
predicted FVC/FEV1 of our population arose from developed
countries, while models deriving from more specific populations
had lower predictive power. Modernization had only a slight
effect on lung function that was mainly predicted by
anthropometric variables (height in particular), age and also
ethnic group. Our model was in line with other models reported
in literature.
On the basis of available data, several spirometric predictive
equations have been extrapolated from healthy subjects to define
a “normal range” of spirometric parameters and abnormal values
have been related with different lung diseases at different
severity degrees. In the general population, FVC and FEV1 have
been mainly related with height and age, but also with weight
and body mass index (BMI) and other BW components [1-3].
Moreover, sometimes additional anthropometric variables have
been considered, but generally they have slightly improved the
accuracy of prediction of the model used [4].
Spirometric values can be influenced by genetic factors and
ethnic differences [5, 6] but also by environmental pollution,
nutrition status, exercise and altitude, so a definitive and unique
regression model valid for all populations has never been
recognized. The definition of spirometric standard curves for a
correct diagnosis of early lung diseases is of particular relevance
for children and adolescents because they are particular sensible
to environmental and lifestyle changes [7]. Moreover, the
transition between childhood and adults implies non-linearity in
the relationship between lung function and height, complicating
the regression model [8, 9].
Here, we report spirometric data collected inside the project
KHAN-ES (Kazakhstan Health and Nutrition Examination Survey)
in the major former Soviet republic of Central Asia, Kazakhstan.
Kazakhstan is undergoing a rapid modernization process and in
this project the study of the differences between children and
adolescents living in urban centres and in rural villages
represents a great opportunity to relate anthropometric and
clinical data with urbanization and modernization with
consequent changes in the traditional lifestyle. Moreover, the
multi-ethnicity of Kazakhstan can give the possibility to study the
influence of ethnic group on spirometric values.
Aims of the study were:
-
to test the relationship between FVC, FEV1 and different
anthropometric data, living environment (urban-rural), age and
ethnic group (Kazakh, Russian) and to finally find the multiple
regression model that best describes the examined population.
-
To compare our model with most recent models coming from
different populations present in literature.
Materials and Methods
The measure of lung function in children and adolescents living
in Kazakhstan was a part of the project KHAN-ES, male and
female children of the two main ethnic groups of Kazakhstan, i.e.
Kazakh and Russian, were studied between 2010 and 2012. They
were aged 7 to 18 years and resided either in Almaty and Chilik.
Almaty is the biggest city of Kazakhstan while Chilik is a rural
village located at about 150 km NE from Almaty. We collected a
convenience sample of about 50 children for every combination
of gender (male vs. female), environment (Almaty vs. Chilik),
ethnic group (Kazakh vs. Russian) and age (7-18), for a total of
4,808 children. Children without mental impairment or serious
acute or chronic diseases and siblings to another child already
enrolled in the study were recruited and measured at local
schools. The study was conducted in conformity with the
declaration of Helsinki and the protocol was approved by
scientific committee of Kazakh Academy of Sciences. The parents
of children and adults aged ≥ 18 years gave written informed
consent to participate to the study.
Among 4,808 children and teenagers, only 3,893 (1,926 males
and 1,967 females) were selected for this study.
The exclusion criteria were: smoker condition (at least 4
cigarettes/ week): 209 cases excluded; ex-smoker condition
(stop smoking <12 months and at least 4 cigarettes/ week): 92
cases excluded; respiratory symptoms at the moment of the data
collection: 181 cases excluded; use of medicines for respiratory
diseases at the moment of data collection: 59 cases excluded;
chronic respiratory or cardio-vascular diseases in the last 12
months: 65 cases excluded; lacking or incomplete data: 299 cases
excluded; outliers for transcription errors: 10 cases excluded.
In figure 1a and 1b, the distribution of males and females of the
selected cases with age is presented.
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
0
50
100
150
200
250
n°
Age class (years)
Kazakh-urban
Russian-urban
Kazakh-rural
Russian-rural
A
Males
661
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
0
50
100
150
200
250
Kazakh-urban
Russian-urban
Kazakh-rural
Russian-rural
Females
n°
Age class (years)
B
Figure 1 – The distribution of males (A) and females (B) of the selected cases with age
Spirometry was performed using a pneumotachograph (Koko
Spirometer, Pulmonary Data Service, Louisville, CO) and FEV1
and
FVC
were
measured.
Moreover,
also
maximum
midexpiratory flow (MMF25-75) was obtained from the same
curve. Each child or adolescent, seated and with nose clip,
performed three curves and the best curve (highest FVC+FEV1)
was reported following the suggestions of American Thoracic
Society and further published modifications proposed for
children and adolescents [10,11].
Anthropometry. The following anthropometric data were
measured: height with stadiometer without shoes; weight; sitting
height and waist circumference; maximal inspiratory (ICC),
expiratory (ECC) and normal (NCC) chest circumference
measured at the nipple. Moreover, other chest parameters were
measured: Chest breadth and depth. The following indirect
indexes were calculated on the basis of anthropometric data:
1.
BMI = weight/height2
2.
% Delta (percentage increase from ECC to ICC) = 100*(ICC-
ECC)/ECC.
All the anthropometric variables were considered at the start of
multiple regression model creation.
Statistical Analysis. The statistical analysis was performed with
SPSS 13.0 software (SPSS, USA). Prediction equations for
spirometric parameters were preliminary developed using
forward stepwise multiple regression and all the anthropometric
variables, age (continuous variable in years), living environment
(0=urban; 1=rural) and ethnic group (0=Kazakh; 1=Russian)
were inserted in the analysis, distinguishing between males and
females. Among all the possible transformations of variables, the
log10 transformation of respiratory parameters using all the
independent variables as linear seemed to be a good
compromise, because no variation in the R square was observed
transforming also independent variables (log10, polynomial,
interaction in particular between height and age). Variables were
included or excluded in the model not only on the basis of
significance and the contribution to total R square, but also on
the basis of multicollinearity looking at the values of VIF
(Variance Inflation Factor). Only models with VIF values <10 for
all independent variables were considered valid.
Our best fit model was compared with several models proposed
in literature (see tables 1 and 2) looking at median value of
%predicted for FVC and FEV1 and the difference between 5th
and 95th percentiles. Moreover, we propose Bland-Altman graph
[12] on logarithms to more deeply investigate the deviations
from experimental model.
Table 1 – Тhe literature models used for comparisons for FVC. Ln= natural logarithm; Log= log10; M=male; F=Female. In Chinn and Quanjer
model, height is expressed in the Parma model, defined only for males, FVC is in ml.
Author
Model (FVC) M/F
Al-Riyami et al. [13]
Oman, 6-19 years
M: ln (FVC)=-15,699 + 3,339ln(height)
F: ln (FVC)=-14,955 + 3,170ln(height)
Chinn et al. [14]
Australia, 7-20 years
M: ln (FVC)=-1,422 + [1,495+0,0141Age] height
F: ln(FVC)=-1,466 + [1,471+0,0145Age] height
Hankinson et al. [6]
USA: Caucasian,
(<20 years M - <18 F)
M: FVC=-0,2584 - 0,20415Age + 0,010133Age^2 + 0,00018642Height^2
F: FVC= 1,2082 + 0,05916Age + 0,00014815 Height^2
Ip et al. [16] Hong Kong, 7-19 years
M: ln(FVC) =-13,851 + 2,964ln(Height)
F: ln(FVC)=-13,270 + 2,835ln(Height)
Kivastik et al. [17]
Estonia, 6-18 years
M: ln(FVC) = -10,583 + 2,106ln(Height)+0,435ln(Age)
F: ln(FVC) = -10,136 + 1,969ln(Height)+0,484ln(Age)
Quanjer et al. [9]
Europe, 6-21 years
M: ln(FVC) =-1,2782 + [1,3731+0,0164Age]Height
F: ln(FVC) =-1,4507 + [1,4800+0,0127Age]Height
Lebecque et al [19]
Canada, 5-18 years
M: log(FVC)=-0,8703 + 0,00881Height
F: log(FVC)=-0,9742 + 0,00938Height
Parma et al [2]
Italy, 7-18 years
M:ln(FVC)=0,1796-0,049age+0,003age^2+
,791ln(weight)
–
0,043BMI+12,060ln(ICC)-11,106*ln(ECC)- 9,678delta%
Table 2 – The literature models used for comparisons for FEV1. Ln= natural logarithm; Log= log10; M=male; F=Female. In Chinn and Quanjer
model, height is expressed in m and in the Parma model, defined only for males, FVC is in ml.
Author
Model (FEV1) M/F
Al-Riyami et al. [13]
Oman, 6-19 years
M: ln(FEV1)=-14,83 + 3,135ln(height)
F: ln(FEV1)=-14,607 + 3,080 ln(height)
Chinn et al. [14]
Australia, 7-20 years
M: ln(FEV1)=-1,405 + [1,333 + 0,0174Age]height
F: ln(FEV1)=-1,516 + [1,404 + 0,0163Age] height
Hankinson et al. [6]
USA: Caucasian,
(<20 years M-<18 F)
M:FEV1=-0,7453-0,04106Age+0,004477Age^2+ 0,00014098Height^2
F: FEV1=-0,8710+0,06537Age + 0,00011496Height^2
662
Ip et al. [16] Hong Kong, 7-19 years
M: ln(FEV1) =-13,999 + 2,972ln(Height)
F: ln(FEV1) =-13,392 + 2,843ln(Height)
Kivastik et al. [17]
Estonia, 6-18 years
M: ln(FEV1) = -11,554+2,371ln(Height)+0,234ln(Age)
F: ln(FEV1) = -10,134+1,964ln(Height)+0,456ln(Age)
Quanjer et al. [9]
Europe, 6-21 years
M: ln(FEV1) = -1,2933 + [1,2669 + 0,0174Age]Height
F: ln(FEV1) = -1,5974 + [1,5016 + 0,0119Age]Height
Lebecque et al [19]
Canada, 5-18 years
M: log(FEV1)=-0,8302+0,00825Height
F: log(FEV1)=-9389+0,00890Height
Parma et al [2]
Italy, 7-18 years
M:ln(FEV1)=2,448-,062age+0,003age^2+0,768ln(weight)–
0,044BMI+14,863ln(ICC)-14,044*ln(ECC)-12,440delta%
Results. Definition of a model for FEV1 and FVC
Using the stepwise multiple regression model, the best fit model
for logarithm of male FVC, with an overall R square of 0,824
contained the variables height (0,792), ICC (additional 0,019),
ethnic group (additional 0,009) and age (additional 0,005) and
all were highly significant (p<0,001).
The final equation of the model is: Log (FVC) = - 0,729 +
0,00429height+ 0,00526ICC + 0,0339ethnic + 0,00991age [1].
Among the excluded variables, the variable living environment
didn`t contributed significantly to the R square value and among
all variables it had the lowest significance. However, if added to
the model, the contribution was significant as positive coefficient
(p=0,002).
The best fit model for logarithm of female FVC, with an overall R
square of 0,766 contained the variables height (0,735), ICC
(additional 0,019), ethnic group (additional 0,007) and age
(additional 0,005) and all were highly significant (p<0,001).
Obviously, other anthropometric variables were correlated with
FVC; however, they were excluded from the model because of
multicollinearity in particular with height. The final equation of
the model is: Log(FVC) = -0,710 + 0,00477height + 0,00407ICC +
0,0257ethnic + 0,00744age [2]. Among the excluded variables,
the variable living environment did not considerably contribute
to the R square value and among all variables, it had the lowest
significance. However, if added to the model, the contribution
was significant as positive coefficient (p=0,009). In other words,
FVC of rural females was significantly but higher than urban
ones.
The best fit model for logarithm of male FEV1, with an overall R
square of 0,815 contained the variables height (0,788), ICC
(additional 0,018), ethnic group (additional 0,004) and age
(additional 0,005) and all were highly significant (p<0,001).
Obviously, other anthropometric variables were correlated with
FEV1; however, they were excluded from the model because of
multicollinearity in particular with height. The final equation of
the model is: Log (FEV1) = -0,782+ 0,00445 height + 0,00506ICC
+ 0,0253 ethnic + 0,00892 age [3]. Among the excluded variables,
variable living environment (urban-rural) did not significantly
contributed to the model (p=0,222).
The best fit model for logarithm of female FEV1, with an overall R
square of 0,712 contained the variables height (0,688), ICC
(additional 0,017), ethnic group (additional 0,003) and age
(additional 0,004) and all were highly significant (p<0,001).
Obviously, other anthropometric variables were correlated with
FEV1. In other words the final equation of the model is:
Log(FEV1) = -0,747 + 0,00496height + 0,00383ICC +
0,0190ethnic + 0,00622age [4]. Among the excluded variables,
the variable living environment (urban-rural) did not
significantly contribute significantly to the model (p=0,705).
Some considerations about MMF 25-75. The best fit model for
logarithm of male MMF25-75 had very lower R square value than
for FVC and FEV1 (0,546) and only height (0,528), ICC
(additional 0,014) and age (additional 0,004) were contained in
it. Neither ethnic group (p=0,216) nor living environment
(p=0,466) significantly contributed to the model. For females, R
square was still lower (0,396) and in addition to height (0,38),
ICC (additional 0,009) and age (additional 0,003) also living
environment (additional 0,004) was highly significant with a
negative coefficient (p<0,001). In other words, MMF25-75 of
urban females was significantly higher than rural ones. Ethnic
group (p=0,14) did not significantly contribute to the model.
A comparison with literature
Using the models presented in tables 1 and 2, % predicted values
of FVC and FEV1 as 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th
percentiles and the difference in % between 95th and 5th
percentiles (% variability or
) are presented in table 3A-D.
Moreover, we also calculated the difference between median and
expected value if the model was perfect (100%). This variable is
called “Dev50”. The model of Parma et al [2] (defined only for
males) was used only for FEV1 and not FVC, because of a
probable error in the intercept value (0,176, while we would
expect a value between 1,5 and 2,5).
Table 3 – The difference in % between 95th and 5th percentiles: A) male FVC as % predicted; B) female FVC as % predicted; C) male FEV1 as
% predicted; D) female FEV1 as % predicted using all the models presented in tables 1 and 2.
A
MODEL
5th %
10th %
25th %
50th %
75th %
90th %
95th %
Dev50
Our Model
76,6
82,7
90,6
99,8
110,4
122,2
131,6
-0,2
55,0
Al Riyami
78,6
83,6
93,3
104,8
118,6
133,3
143,2
+4,8
64,6
Chinn
73,3
77,8
86,7
96,6
107,6
119,8
129,1
-3,4
55,8
Hankinson
75,1
79,6
88,3
98,8
111,0
124,4
134,0
-1,2
58,9
Ip
81,8
86,2
96,0
107,2
120,1
134,3
144,6
+7,2
62,8
Kivastik
76,7
81,7
91,1
101,7
113,7
126,7
137,3
+1,7
60,6
Quanjer
72,8
77,5
86,4
96,2
106,9
119,0
127,8
-3,8
55,0
Lebeque
77,1
81,5
91,2
101,4
113,2
127,2
136,6
+1,4
59,5
B
Our
76,1
82,1
90,9
100,3
110,5
122,2
130,0
+0,3
53,9
Al Riyami
80,1
86,3
96,0
107,6
120,7
133,9
144,4
+7,6
64,3
Chinn
72,5
77,9
86,0
95,9
106,7
118,9
127,6
-4,1
55,1
Hankinson
72,4
77,2
85,7
95,9
107,3
118,9
127,2
-4,1
54,8
Ip
79,6
85,9
94,6
106,4
118,0
131,1
141,3
+6,4
61,7
Kivastik
79,1
84,5
93,8
104,7
116,8
130,0
138,6
+4,7
59,5
Quanjer
72,6
78,1
86,4
96,5
107,1
119,7
127,8
-3,5
55,2
Lebeque
73,6
79,6
88,5
99,1
110,6
122,7
132,5
-0,9
58,9
C
Our
74,6
81,4
90,8
100,6
110,9
121,2
129,4
+0,6
54,8
Al Riyami
80,0
87,2
97,4
108,9
122,0
135,6
147,3
+8,9
67,3
Chinn
75,1
81,2
91,5
101,7
113,4
124,4
133,5
+1,7
58,4
663
Hankinson
75,0
81,6
91,6
102,2
114,2
126,6
136,2
+2,2
61,2
Ip
78,7
86,0
95,8
107,1
119,8
132,1
143,1
+7,1
64,4
Kivastik
77,7
84,5
94,4
104,8
117,1
128,7
138,7
+4,8
61,0
Quanjer
73,9
80,1
90,3
100,2
112,1
122,5
132,5
+0,2
58,6
Lebeque
73,8
79,5
89,8
99,9
111,8
123,7
132,4
-0,1
58,6
Parma
73,1
80,3
90,1
100,2
111,3
122,5
130,6
+0,2
57,5
D
Our
71,6
79,1
90,6
101,6
111,9
123,0
132,0
+1,6
60,4
Al Riyami
76,0
83,7
95,9
108,3
122,0
134,8
142,8
+8,3
66,8
Chinn
69,1
76,5
87,6
98,0
108,9
120,4
129,1
-2,0
60,0
Hankinson
68,5
76,6
86,9
98,2
109,3
121,1
128,2
-1,8
59,7
Ip
73,4
81,4
93,3
105,1
117,4
129,3
136,9
+5,1
63,5
Kivastik
73,4
81,7
92,8
105,0
116,5
129,1
136,2
+5,0
62,8
Quanjer
70,3
77,7
88,8
100,1
111,0
122,0
130,8
+0,1
60,5
Lebeque
68,5
75,6
86,8
97,6
109,4
120,3
128,7
-2,4
60,2
For male FVC, some models had a
value similar to our model
(Chinn, Quanjer), but slightly underestimated the median value
(overestimated the median absolute value of FVC). For female
FVC, several models had variability similar to experimental
model (Chinn, Hankinson, Quanjer), while Lebeque model better
estimate the median.
For male FEV1, the models of Parma and also Quanjer provided a
good estimation of variability and median, quite near to
experimental model, while for female FEV1 the Quanjer model
had a predictive power similar to experimental model.
The Bland-Altman graph to compare different models as an
example, in figures 2A and 2B the Bland-Altman graphs
presenting the comparison between our model for male FVC and
a good model, Knudson, and another model (Sirotkovic) that
presented higher deviation.
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
-0,09
-0,06
-0,03
0,00
0,03
0,06
0,09
0,12
-3SD
-2SD
-SD
+3SD
+2SD
log(FVC_Our) - log(FVC_Knud
son)
0.5*[log(FVC_Our)+log(FVC_Knudson)]
mean
+SD
A
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
-0,15
-0,10
-0,05
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
log(FVC_Our)-log(FVC_Sirotkovic
)
0.5*[log(FVC_Our)+log(FVC_Sirotkovic)]
B
-3SD
-2SD
-SD
+3SD
+2SD
mean
+SD
Figure 2 – Bland-Altman graph on logarithm for the comparisons between: A) our model and Knudson model;
B) our model and Sirotkovic model
Non-linearity of residual trend, only slightly present for the first
comparison, was dramatically evident for the second
comparison: Sirotkovic model tended to underestimate FVC
values at lowest and highest FVC values, and the trend of
residuals is absolutely not linear around the median value.
Moreover, median and SD for deviations in the first comparison
(0,0016Ã0,03) were clearly both much lower than the second
comparison (0,024Ã0,05). Obviously, this type of comparison is
possible for all presented models.
Discussion. This study is a part of KHAN-ES project, aimed at
evaluating the contribution of living environment, ethnic group
and gender to different anthropometric and clinical parameters
in children and adolescent living in Kazakhstan, a rapidly
modernizing ex-Soviet state of Central Asia.
Here, we concentrated the attention about the possible
influencing factors of the most widely used spirometric
parameters (FEV1 and FVC) in healthy children and adolescents,
followed by a further comparison with mathematical predictive
models present in literature.
It is known that exposure to air pollutants can affect the lung
function during the major development period (10-18 years) and
FEV1 is negative correlated with several environmental
contaminants [20]. Moreover, air pollution in the residence area
can be associated to the causal chain of reactions leading to
retardation in pulmonary function growth during the
preadolescence [21]. In fact, in our multiple regression models
only in the case of MMF 25-75 for females we observed a modest
contribution to the R square of the model. Nevertheless, FVC
664
tended to be slightly higher in rural than in urban environment
for both sexes, while the trend was the opposite for MMF 25-75
only for females. On the other hand, living environment did not
have a significant effect on FEV1 for both sexes and MMF 25-75
for males. Therefore, at this stage of analysis it is impossible to
tract definitive conclusions about the relation between air
pollution and reduction of pulmonary function in Kazakhstan.
Our results are quite in line with what observed in Italy [22]. In
particular, while in Nigeria no variation of spirometric
parameters has been found in urban or rural communities [23], a
significant reduction in pulmonary function was observed in 5-
11 y urban children living in Iran as compared to rural
counterpart [24]. So, a lot of factors could explain these
discrepancies and even if a higher concentration of air pollutants
is generally expected in urban environment or in any case in
more industrialized areas [25], the environmental risk factors for
airway diseases in rural communities in America have been well
described [26] and in non-urban children risk factors for asthma
are similar to risk factors in urban children [27].
Our linear models confirmed that most important variable to
predict FVC and FEV1 is height but some anthropometric
parameters, like ICC, can slightly improve the R square value of
the model.
Our study also confirmed that age was highly significant, even if
its contribution to R square was modest, but more importantly
Russians of both sexes had higher values of FVC and FEV1 (not
MMF 25-75) than Kazakhs, and this is the first work able to
distinguish between children and adolescents of Mongolian and
Caucasian origin. Another study about a general sample of
Mongolian and Caucasian population with lower number of
subjects of any age was unable to find it [28]. So, ethnic group
could be added to general model of FVC/FEV1 to better predict
lung function. MMF 25-75 prediction equations had lower values
of R square, as already observed [2].
After the definition of a model to predict FVC/FEV1, a validation
with most recent models present in literature was necessary
(Table 1 and 2). First of all, a good qualitative method to
comparison is to test the power of the model to predict the
median % predicted FVC/FEV1 values (expected 100%) and the
variability of the predicted values (e.g. the difference between
95th and 5th percentiles).
In conclusion, while urban and rural environment only slightly
affected spirometric values (in particular FVC), spirometric
prediction equations primarily depended by height (for both
sexes and both FVC and FEV1) with a modest but significant
contribution of inspiratory chest circumference and age.
Moreover, Russians presented in general higher values of
FVC/FEV1 than Kazakhs and ethnic group was inserted in
prediction equations.
Finally, literature models that better predicted FVC/FEV1 of our
population have been defined for whites in developed countries,
while models deriving from more specific populations had lower
performing power. Bland-Altman graph can be a good approach
to compare two different prediction models.
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