1. We can classify the general aspects which cause “glass ceiling” into main three categories:
1.1. Individual aspects:
These are the aspects made from individual choices and perceptions related to the fact that women
try to escape from the responsibilities caused by their promotion which may lead to misbalance in their
family lives. Women tend to think that their family life can be affected by promotion and this idea stop
them struggling and lead to lack of selfconfidence, thus making them see the other women as their rivals
and all these aspects build “glass ceiling”.
1.2 Organizational aspects:
The fact that high managerial posts are occupied mostly by men builds a glass ceiling for women
trying to reach higher levels. The managers tend to think that men are able to perform much better than
women; therefore they send more men to professional development courses. The next glass ceiling is built
by the prejudices of men thinking that women are not able to perform their responsibilities successfully if
they are promoted to higher levels. At the same time men make various barriers for women in order to be
promoted for higher positions by giving them less work and fewer responsibilities because of their roles in
the family instead of supporting them.
The next barrier is the queen bee syndrome, where women start changing their attitudes and
resembling men and treat other female workers like men do. Moreover it is considered to be a big success
if there is an only woman in higher level posts.
1.3. Social aspects:
These are the aspects which lead to the fact that in society the responsibilities are divided as those
unique for men and unique for women. For instance the professions related to engineering, management
and administrations considered to be male professions, whereas professions like secretary, teacher and
nurse considered being professions which are appropriate for women. Moreover the idea that management
should be strong and women should be weak is widely spread. 2. The Strategies To Break Glass
Ceiling:
In order to break glass first of all women should realize their personal aims by applying different
objectives. At the same time organizations also apply various strategies in order to benefit from women’s
skills.
2.1. Individual strategies:
In order to possess a successful career people should get a good education. At the same time
improving social relationships in workplace will accommodate women in men’s world.
In order to break glass ceiling barrier it is expected that women should work more than they used
to work and perform extraordinary skills and abilities.
Female managers tend to sacrifice personal their personal lives in order to keep balance between
their work and family and succeed in their professional career.
Therefore they:
1) Refuse to have a family,
2) Have fewer children,
3) When children are older they start working again,
4) While they bring up their children they get help from senior members of the family or refer to
support of professional consultants.
2.2. Organizational strategies:
The existence of specific workplace culture may break the glass ceiling for female managers who
wish to develop further. Appropriate strategies should be implemented in order to help women to have
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balance between work and family. Therefore in many countries there are day care centers at workplaces
and maternity and family leaves are legalized and flexible working hours are offered.
Margaret Thatcher`s achievement as Prime Minister in the end of 1970 was opened a new era of
women career in the world and her success was proved that women could also get top management
positions in all sectors of business and politics.
Nowadays, so many seminars and conferences are organized to help women who are interested to
build her career growth in a company or institution. There should be special career programs for women
who want to succeed in their career and have potential to do that.
Conclusions
If in the country there is no equal status at workplace for both men and women this country is not
considered to be civilized. If the amount of women is not increased on administrative posts in companies
and
governmental
institutions,
the
welfare
level
in
society
will
not
increase.
If the women are offered opportunities even the ones who do not have proper education and skills are able
to achieve impossible. By creating barriers for women man in fact create glass ceiling for their future.
At all, the women have a big potential to be a well – educated and more successful in work place if
the company can give them a chance to be a part of the management. To build the obstacles in front of
women means to build glass ceiling to the prospective future of men`s world.
References
1.Zell (1999)
2.Wirth L.(2001) Breaking Through the Glass Ceiling Women in Management,International
LabourofficeGeneva
3. Aycan Zeynep (2004), Uc Boutlu Cam Tavan :Kadinlarin Kariyer Gelisiminde Kim ,Kime,
Neden Engel Oluyor? www.anneyiz.biz/haber/haberdtl.php?hid=1809 (07.03.2007)
4 .Taskın E.,Cetin A. Kadın Yoneticilerin Cam Tavan Algısının Cam Tavanı Asma Stratejilerine
Etkisi Dumlupınar Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Sayı 33, Agustos 2012
.Yonetim ve Ekonomi 2007 Cilt 14 Sayı 2 Celal Bayar Universitesi Manisa
5. Ogut A. Selcuk Universitesi Isletme Bolumu
ANALYSIS OF MOTIVATION TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO EMPLOYEES
Оisylova Аidana Tleukabylkyzy
Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Economics
Abstract. Motivation has become increasingly important for organizations and companies off all
sizes if they want to achieve organizational objectives in a competitive marketplace. Any company or
organization that notices a significant decline in productivity, high employee turnover or that cannot reach
its goals successfully may need to consider the role of motivation among its employees. This paper will
review the literature concerned with motivation techniques applied amongst young employees. The
research aims to appraise existing motivation theories and analyze techniques used to increase employee
motivation.
Keywords: motivation, motivational tecniques, competitive marketplace, productivity, employee
turnover, target, feedback, basic needs, equity, expectancy, existence, gowth, relatedness;
1. Introduction
The paper deal with the description and explanation of the concepts, models and theories those are
relevant in the field of motivation and necessary to support a detailed analysis. The basic job of a manager
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or a supervisor is to get work done by his employees. In order to do this successfully, the manager of
supervisor must be able to comprehend the underlying psychological processes that motivate his
employees. Motivation in general, is more or less basically concern with factors or events that moves,
leads, and drives certain human action or inaction over a given period of time given the prevailing
conditions. Furthermore the definitions suggest that there need to be an “invisible force” to push people to
do something in return. It could also be deduced from the definition that having a motivated work force or
creating an environment in which high levels of motivation are maintained remains a challenge for today’s
management. This challenge may emanate from the simple fact that motivation is not a fixed trait as it
could change with changes in personal, psychological, financial or social factors. BassettJones and Lloyd
[1.Bassett-Jones, N. and Lloyd, G. C., 2005] presents that two views of human nature underlay early
research into employee motivation. The first view focuses on Taylorism, which viewed people as
basically “lazy and work shy”, and thus held that these set of employees can only be motivated by external
stimulation. The second view was based on Hawthorn findings, which held the view that employees are
motivated to work well for “its own sake” as well as for the social and monetary benefits. This type of
motivation according to this school was internally motivated.
2. Theories and models of motivation
2.1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s theory stresses two basic premises [3. Maslow A.H., 1943]. The first assumes that
human beings are constantly in a state of “wanting.” Needs which are not satisfied are motivators. Needs
which had been satisfied cannot be motivators. Humans rarely reach a state of complete homeostasis or
satisfaction. As soon as one desire is gratified, another surfaces to take its place. Maslow believed that
humans are always “wanting”. Another basic premise is that human needs are arranged in order of
importance. Once a need is satisfied, another takes its place. The needs range from fundamental animal
needs (lower level) to the more advanced human needs that represent the uniqueness of mankind (higher
levels).
Physiological needs are basic to the survival of the organism and include such things as food,
water, rest, shelter, and air. The physiological needs will dominate when they are unsatisfied. As a result,
no other need will serve as a basis for motivation until the physiological needs are met. Safety needs are
concerned with providing a safe and secure environment, free from threats to one’s existence. Safety
needs also include areas such as protection from ill health, economic disaster, physical harm and the
unexpected. Social needs deal with the need for friendship, affection, and affiliation, and are sometimes
referred to as belongingness or need for love. It is at this point that the needs separate from the physical or
quasiphysical needs and where failure to satisfy the needs at this level can affect the individual’s mental
health. Esteem needs are concerned with the desire of individuals to have a stable, high evaluation of them
and to have respect from other people. Selfactualization needs refer to the desire to achieve self
fulfillment, to develop one’s potential to the fullest, to become everything that one is capable of
becoming, and to achieve fulfillment of one’s life goals.
Hence we see that Maslow considers a lower level need as being the most potent motivator when it
is not satisfied. On the other hand, Maslow does not propose that a lower level need must be completely
satisfied before the next higher level need becomes important. In fact, Maslow [4. Maslow A.H., 1954]
said that most members of our society who are normal are partially satisfied in all their basic needs.
Maslow referred to lower order needs as “deficiency needs” and to higher order needs as “growth needs.”
The deficiency needs consist of physiological, safety, and social needs. The growth needs are esteem and
selfactualization. Deficiency needs motivate behavior only if they are in a state of deprivation. In other
words, the less you have, the more you want, and the more you will do for it. However, once a deficiency
need is satisfied, it loses its motivating force. People will go to great lengths to satisfy thirst, but, once
satisfied, water will probably not motivate behavior any longer (at least not immediately). Growth needs,
on the other hand, are those that continue to motivate behavior even when whatever it is that satisfies the
need is being received. For growth needs, the more we get, the more we want, and the more we will do for
it. Receiving recognition and praise from others usually increases the motivational force of esteem needs.
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2.2. Alderfer’s ERG theory
Clayton P. Alderfer, another need theorist [5. Alderfer C.P., 1972], modified Maslow’s approach
and developed what he calls Existence, Relatedness, and Growth (ERG) theory. The major differences
between the Maslow and Alderfer approaches center around three concepts: how needs are categorized ,
the relationship of needs and levels, and what happens when a need is not satisfied. Alderfer proposed that
security, social, and esteem (from others) are a common type of need as they all involve some
interpersonal relationship. He therefore combined these into a single class of needs called “relatedness
needs.” Selfesteem is based on internal cues of personal achievement, independence, and goal
achievement, and thus appears very close to selfactualization. These two needs are combined into
“growth needs” in ERG theory. Finally, those safety needs, which are related to physical security, could
be seen as strongly akin to physiological needs. These two levels he combined into “existence needs”.
2.3. Herzberg’s two-factor theory
Frederick Herzberg’s theory of motivation is called “Two Factor Theory”. His studies [6.
Frederick Herzberg, 1964] deal with factors which are job satisfiers and how they differ from factors
which result in dissatisfaction. His work leads him to draw two main categories of factors as maintenance
or hygiene factors and motivational factors. In maintenance factors there are factors and conditions which
serve primarily as dissatisfiers to workers when they are not present. Herzberg called these factors the
maintenance factors. The presence of maintenance factors does not result in strong motivation. Rather, it
is the absence of these factors which leads to dissatisfaction. In other words, the factors are more potent as
dissatisfiers when they are absent than they are as motivators when they are present. So, hygiene factors
are those job factors which are essential for existence of motivation at workplace. These do not lead to
positive satisfaction for longterm. But if these factors are absent or nonexistent at workplace, then they
lead to dissatisfaction. Motivational factors act as forces of job satisfaction. They create positive and
longer lasting effect on employee’s performance and are related to work itself. Adequate provisions of
such factors called are “satisfiers”. They make people happy with their job because they serve individual’s
basic needs for physiological growth. In addition, they also motivate employees in their work. Such
factors are five and called motivators by Herzberg. So, motivating factors are achievement, recognition for
accomplishment, increased responsibility, opportunity for growth and development, creative and
challenging work. Motivating factors motivate subordinates to take more interest in their work. They raise
efficiency and productivity of employees.
3. Results and discussion
Now, I will present actions which the leader can take to motivate subordinates. According to the
theories explained above leaders can decide which is the best action to take. The reading above included a
short discussion of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and other theorists such as Alderfer and Herzberg.
These theories are concerned with identifying what it is within an individual or the work environment that
energizes and sustains behavior. So, here comes four methods of motivating subordinates:
3.1. Providing meaningful and challenging work
When people feel that the work they are doing is meaningful, it makes a difference in some way
and provides them with challenges that stretch them and they become internally motivated. In other words
they don't need anyone standing around coercing them into higher levels of performance. Regardless of
the actual work that is being done, people generally want to feel a sense of achievement, responsibility,
enjoyment, recognition. Even the most mundane of work can be motivating if the leader helps the team
member put into context the value their work brings either to the consumer or to the organization. In other
words, when there is an increase the scope of work to be done, to the level of the individual's capability,
then people generally become more engaged and energized. A great leader is able to help inspire and
motivate people by getting them to see beyond the immediacy of what they are doing to the bigger picture.
Providing challenging work is also intrinsically motivating for people as the vast majority of people want
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to feel that their potential is being regularly challenged. When the team leader provides the team member
with the environment that enables, for example, learning new techniques or taking on additional tasks this
can engage them more fully.
3.2. Setting clear targets and expectations
The greatest keys in helping people to become selfmotivated are clear goals, a sense of purpose,
urgency and challenge. These elements provide a feeling of accomplishment. People thrive on challenge
and this will drive the positive attitudes in the workplace. People can be all fired up and ready to give of
their best, but if they don't know what excellent performance is, or don't know when they've performed
excellently, or don't know what the aim of the game is. Spelling out specific targets, goals, and
expectations for behavior and performance need not be anything complicated. It just needs to be done and
people need to get regular and timely feedback on how they are performing against those goals.
3.3. Getting regular, direct and supportive feedback
Feedback is both positive and performance improving and it is vital to continuous improvement
and done well as it motivates and inspires people to continually move toward using more of their
potential. Feedback needs to be timely, specific and presented in such a way that the individual is clear
about what behaviors or skills they need to modify in order to improve performance. Great performers use
feedback to enhance their performance. The purpose of feedback is either to maintain or change
performance, in order to keep an individual or team on track to achieve their work goals. Feedback should
be viewed as a way of giving help. There are different types of feedback that should be used according to
the situation. Motivational feedback tells a person that their good performance has been noticed and
recognized, and gives them impetus to repeat this type of performance in the future. Feedback should be
given as soon as possible after the activity has taken place. Development feedback indicates to a person
what needs to be improved, and asks them, for example how they believe they could have tackled a task in
a different way in order to learn for the future.
3.4. Designing employee's roles
Assigning people to specific tasks and duties that play to their strengths is one of the best
employee motivation techniques. People who are able to make use of their strengths on a regular basis
while at work are more likely to work in teams that perform at higher levels. When people are playing to
their strengths on a regular basis, they feel effective, focused and fulfilled, finally this is a win for them
and for their organization. The person becomes more internally motivated and feeling upbeat and enthused
by what they are doing. Studies point to a different factor as the major influence over worker motivation is
job design, job enlargement and job enrichment.Job rotation is an effective way for employees to acquire
new skills and in turn for organizations to increase the overall skill level of their employees. When
workers move to different positions, they are crosstrained to perform different tasks, thereby increasing
the flexibility of managers to assign employees to different parts of the organization when needed. Job
enlargement refers to expanding the tasks performed by employees to add more variety. By giving
employees several different tasks to be performed, as opposed to limiting their activities to a small number
of tasks, organizations hope to reduce boredom and monotony as well as utilize human resources more
effectively. Job enrichment is a job redesign technique that allows workers more control over how they
perform their own tasks. This approach allows employees to take on more responsibility. As an alternative
to job specialization, companies using job enrichment may experience positive outcomes, such as reduced
turnover, increased productivity, and reduced absences.
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4. Conclusion
Motivating subordinates to do their jobs well is a major task for any leader. Motivation gives the
subordinates the will to do what must be done to accomplish the mission. Managers and leaders can
motivate their subordinates by different motivational factors as developing cohesive teams, properly using
rewards and punishments, recognizing and satisfying their needs, and by serving as positive role models.
We gain a deeper understanding of motivation through the concepts of equity, expectancy, Maslow’s,
Alderfer’s and Herzberg’s needs theories and how they apply to a situation. These concepts give us a
better insight into why people may or may not react when managers attempt to motivate employees. Each
of these concepts should improve manager’s ability to motivate their subordinates.
Refereneces
1.BassettJones, N. and Lloyd, G. C. (December 2005) “Does Herzberg's motivation theory have
staying power?”, Journal of Management Development, vol. 24, no. 10, pp. 929943.
2.Vroom, V. H. (1964) “Work and Motivation”, Organizational Behavior and Human
Performance, vol. 1, no. 1, 5570.
3.Maslow, A.H. (1943). “A theory of human motivation”, Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–96.
4.Maslow, A (1954).” Motivation and personality” , New York, NY: Harper. p. 236.
5.Alderfer, C. P., (1972) “Existence, Relatedness, and Growth”, Human Needs in Organizational
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