Direct
Translation
The mother tongue is excluded in the direct method of introduction, the
foreign word is associated with the thing or notion it means without the use of the
native word. The direct way is used in teaching words with concrete meaning:
denoting objects, their qualities, gestures, movements, actions that can be
demonstrated to students - a book, a picture, a bag, small, blue, stand up etc.
There are different techniques of presentation of new words within the
direct method; they can be divided into two large groups:
1. verbal;
2. visual;
Visual techniques include demonstration of visual aids (pictures, photos,
jectures, actions, etc.)
For example:
1.Nouns can be introduced by demonstrating objects, pictures, photos.
The word is pronounced many times in isolation and in sentences.
2. Verbs can be introduced y demonstrating actions, movements, pictures
on the blackboard, videoclips.
3. Adjectives are introduced by demonstrating various objects or pictures
having different qualities: colour, size, form, pattern, etc.
4. Numerals- demonstrating of pictures, with different numbers of
objects in them or demonstrating of objects, a clock, calendar, table,
time-table etc.
5. Adverbs can be introduced with the help of a clock- early, late,
often, a map- far, near, position, in the classroom, pictures, videoclips.
6. Pronouns (personal and possessive) can be introduced with the help
of the learners themselves, pictures, positions of objects in the classroom.
7. Prepositions can be introduced with the help of pictures, showing
objects in different positions, pictures on the magnetic or flanel-board.
Verbal techniques
include usage of synonyms, antonyms, definitions,
context, word-building elements etc. That is the usage of English words.
F.E. a cellar- is a room under a house.
The second way of presentation is translation.
Translation can be of two types:
1. translation proper- giving an equivalent in the native language: to
jump- прыгать
2. translation- interpretation, besides giving an equivalent, the teacher
explains the meaning of the word and its usage: to enter (a house, an
university, to register)
All the ways of presentation of new words have both their advantages
and
drawbacks. Translation
saves
time
and
provides
for
accurate
understanding of the meaning of the words. But the choice of the way of
presentation depends on many factors: visual ways are used at early stages
of teaching, verbal ways are used at intermediate and senior stages, while
translation can be used at all the stages of teaching, but mostly in senior
forms. The factors to be taking into consideration while choosing the
method of introduction of new words are the following:
• psychological
• pedagogical
• linguistic
The psychological factors are:
✔
The students’ age;
✔
The students’ mental abilities;
The pedagogical factors are:
✔
The stages of teaching;
✔
The number of students in the group;
✔
The time, alloted to this activity;
The linguistic factors are:
✔
The type of the word: abstract, concrete, form word.
✔
The meaning of the word (compared to the
word of the native
language)
The teacher’s preparation:
1) The teacher decides how many words to introduce at a time.
2) The teacher analyses the new words as to the difficulties (forms,
meaning, usage) and group them accordingly.
3) The teacher chooses the ways of introduction.
4) The teacher prepares explanation of each word and chooses all the
necessary visual aids.
5) The teacher chooses exercises for consolidation and determine, their
sequence.
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