65. Zeugma ("yoke") - use of a word in the same grammatical relation to two apparent words in the context,
one metaphorical and the other literal in sense.
"Either you or your head must be of." (L. Carroll)
"Juan was a bachelor of arts, and parts, and hearts." (G. Byron)
Bibliography
1.
Арнольд, И.В. Стилистика. Современный английский язык: Учебник для вузов / И.В. Ар-
нольд. – 4-е изд., испр. и доп. — М: Б.и., 2002 .— 384 с.
2.
Гальперин, И.Р. Стилистика английского языка. Учебник./И.Р. Гальперин.- Изд. 2-е, испр. и
доп.- М., «Высш. школа», 1977.-332 с.
3.
Judith Kay, Rosemary Gelshenen. Discovering Fiction, vv.1,2. Cambridge University Press, 2005.
4.
Ronald Carter, A. Goddard, D. Reah, K. Sanger, and M. Bowring. Working with Texts: A core in-
troduction to language analysis, Rouledge/London and New York, 2001.
5.
Scott Thornbury. Beyond the Sentence: Introducing discourse analysis, Macmillan, 2005.
Дополнительная
литература
6.
Ивашкин, М.П. Практикум по стилистике английского языка [учебное пособие]/ М.П. Иваш-
кин, В.В. Сдобников, А.В. Селяев.-М.: АСТ: Восток-Запад, 2005.- 101 с.
7.
Пелевина, Н.Ф. Стилистика английского художественного текста. – Л.: Просвещение, 1980. –
270с.
8.
Разинкина, Н.М. Функциональная стилистика. – М.: Высшая школа, 1989. – 181с.
9.
Sosnovskaya, V.B. Analytical Reading. - Moscow: Higher School, 1974. – 179 p.
10.
Companion to Literature in English, Denmark, 1994.
11.
Dictionary of Biography, Moscow, 1997.
12.
Modern English Short Stories, Moscow, 1961/ yahoo.ru., yandex.ru.
Appendix I
Character Analysis of ―Two Thanksgiving Day Gentlemen‖
In this lesson, students will read the O. Henry short story "Two Thanksgiving Day Gentlemen." Through
scaffold learning tasks, the students will analyze the two main characters and their interactions throughout
the story. Students will practice using various strategies to determine the meaning of unfamiliar words in
context. Students will also analyze the author's word choice, including his use of figurative language, and its
impact on the tone of the story. These activities will build toward students' participation in a Socratic Semi-
nar as the summative assessment for the lesson. The text of the story, reading comprehension questions, a
teacher guide to assist with discussion, a vocabulary handout, and Socratic Seminar questions are all in-
cluded within the lesson.
Subject(s): Techniques of Text Analysis
158
Intended Audience: 3 year students
Suggested Technology: Computer for Presenter, LCD Projector, Overhead Projector
Instructional Time: 4 Hour(s)
Keywords: character analysis, ―Two Thanksgiving Day Gentlemen,‖ O. Henry, Socratic Seminar, irony
Instructional Component Type(s): Lesson Plan , Worksheet, Assessment, Text Resource, Formative As-
sessment
Instructional Design Framework(s): Direct Instruction , Writing to Learn
Special Materials Needed: All necessary materials have been uploaded as attachments to the lesson or
linked to within the lesson.
ATTACHMENTS
Perceptions.docx
Text of storyTWO THANKSGIVING DAY GENTLEMEN.docx
Student Handout for Two Thanksgiving Day Gentlemen.docx
Socratic Seminar Questions.docx
Vocabulary Handout.docx
Teacher Handout TWO THANKSGIVING DAY GENTLEMEN.docx
LESSON CONTENT
Lesson Plan Template: General Lesson Plan
Learning Objectives: What should students know and be able to do as a result of this lesson?
o
Students will be able to cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support their analysis of "Two
Thanksgiving Day Gentlemen," as well as any inferences they draw from the story.
o
Students will be able to analyze complex characters from the story (particularly that of Stuffy Pete and
the Old Gentleman) and how they interact with one another over the course of the story.
o
Students will be able to determine the meaning of selected words and phrases from the story, including
figurative and connotative meanings, and analyze the impact of word choice on the tone of the story.
o
Students will be able to draw specific and appropriate evidence from the story to support their responses
to questions on the student handout and for their assigned question for the Socratic Seminar.
o
Using a Socratic Seminar format, students will come to the discussion prepared, having carefully read
"Two Thanksgiving Day Gentlemen" in order to stimulate a thoughtful, well-reasoned exchange of ideas
with their peers. Students will be able to propel the conversation by posing and responding to questions
and will verify or challenge ideas and conclusions formed by their peers. Students will also be able to
qualify or justify their own views and understanding and make new connections in light of the evidence
and reasoning presented by their peers.
Guiding Questions: What are the guiding questions for this lesson?
o
Are people always what they seem? In what ways can our impression or perception of someone some-
times be inaccurate?
o
What are the intentions of the Old Gentleman towards Stuffy Pete and of Stuffy Pete towards the Old
Gentleman?
o
How would you describe the interaction between the Old Gentleman and Stuffy Pete?
o
In what ways is this story built around the concept of tradition?
o
In what ways could traditions be categorized as meaningful acts by those involved?
o
In what ways could traditions be illustrative of a lack of meaning by those involved?
Prior Knowledge: What prior knowledge should students have for this lesson?
o
Students should be able to explain what a simile is, identify them in the context of a story, and interpret
their meaning.
o
Students should understand that the word connotation (or connotative) means the secondary meaning of
a word, not its direct definition. It is an association or idea suggested by the word. Dictio-
nary.reference.com uses this example: The word modern strictly means belonging to recent times, but
the word's connotations can include such notions as new, up to date, experimental.
o
Students should understand that tone is the author's attitude (this can include the author as the narrator of
the story) toward a subject. The author reveals his (or her) attitude through the selection of words he uses
159
to describe the subject. The tone can also be determined by analyzing not only the word choice (also
called diction) but the author's use of imagery, details, and sentence structure (syntax).
o
Students should know that one kind of tone is ironic tone. This is where the author uses a word (or
words) to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning. This includes sarcasm where what
is said is not what is meant, and often it is said in a way to mock or insult someone. Sometimes with sar-
casm it emphasizes a perceived truth. Ironic tone words students might find helpful for this story: hu-
morous, amused, mock-serious (jokingly serious), and witty.
o
Students should know that in literature there are different types of irony; two types they would find use-
ful for "Two Thanksgiving Day Gentlemen" are verbal irony and situational irony. For verbal irony: the
contrast between what is meant and what is said; sarcasm. For situational irony: Where the last thing you
expect to happen, happens. It is a contrast between what the reader thought would likely happen (what
would seem appropriate for the story) and what actually happens.
o
Students should know how to use different strategies to determine the meaning of unknown words in
context (use of context clues, Greek or Latin affixes and roots, and reference materials like dictionaries
and glossaries).
o
Students should understand how to participate in a Socratic Seminar. However, information is included
within the lesson to help the teacher and students with this task in case they have not done one before.
Teaching Phase: How will the teacher present the concept or skill to students?
Hook:
1.
As a hook for the lesson, show students picture one in the attached
Perceptions handout
. Ask students to
think about (or write a short response in their notebooks) the following question: What is their perception
or impression of each of the people in the painting? Use specific evidence from the painting for support.
2.
Allow students to discuss their thoughts with a shoulder partner and then bring the class back together for
a short group discussion on students' perceptions of the girl and the man in the painting.
3.
Show students the second picture on the handout. Ask students to think about (or write a short response in
their notebooks): How has your impression or perception of each person changed? Use specific evidence
from the painting for support.
4.
Allow students to discuss their thoughts with a shoulder partner and then bring the class back together for
a short group discussion on how their perceptions changed.
5.
Discuss as a whole group: Why do you think your initial impressions were inaccurate? Show students the
final picture with the quote and ask students: What do you think this quote by Machiavelli means? How
does it relate to these pictures?
6.
Tell students that we will be reading a story titled "Two Thanksgiving Day Gentlemen" by O. Henry. The
concept of perception and people not always being what they seem will come into play in this story.
7.
Go over the objectives and guiding questions for the lesson with students. Explain to students that the
summative assessment for the lesson will involve their participation in a Socratic Seminar. The notes they
will take throughout the lesson and questions that they will answer as they read will help them dig deeply
into the story to help prepare them for the Socratic Seminar. Several of the guiding questions for the les-
son will appear in different forms in both the questions they will answer as they read the story and also in
the Socratic Seminar questions. Teachers may want to post the guiding questions on the board.
8.
Pass out a
copy of the story
and the
student handout
to each student. For ease of use, each paragraph in
the story has been numbered. Note: Vocabulary words for students to work on determining the meanings
of as they read the story are highlighted in green. Based on the needs of your students, you might wish to
select different words before copying the story.
9.
Teachers should read the first paragraph aloud to model fluency. After reading the paragraph aloud, go
back through the paragraph and help students make sense of the opening lines of the story. A
teacher
handout
has been included to help teachers with discussion and analysis of the story. It is important to re-
member that there can be multiple interpretations appropriate in many aspects of literature and this hand-
out is meant to serve as a guide. Teachers can modify the contents of the teacher handout in any way they
desire. Some aspects to include in discussion about the first paragraph (additional information is included
in the teacher handout):
160
– Point out to students that the narrator is an American. Ask students: what word choices reveal that he
is an American?
– Ask students: What do you believe "self-made" means, especially in the context of self-made Ameri-
cans?
– Ask students: What tone is being used in the first paragraph? What word choices reveal the author's
(through the narrator) tone?
– Ask students: If O. Henry is correct, and most Americans don't really know the history behind
Thanksgiving, why do you think we continue to celebrate it? What is the meaning behind this celebra-
tion for different groups of people?
10.
The teacher can model ways to determine the meaning of "proclamation." Students can take notes on
their
vocabulary handout
. A possible teacher think aloud could include:
– In the last two sentences of this first paragraph, the narrator jokes that people are having to buy hens to
eat for Thanksgiving because someone in Washington is leaking out advance information to certain
people that Thanksgiving is coming and these folks are rushing out and buying up all the turkeys.
When he mentions Washington and people leaking information it makes me think maybe he is talking
about politicians; perhaps the politicians are the ones in this Turkey Trust. The way "proclamation" is
used in the sentence, it is a noun. The proclamation is in some way connected to the politicians and the
advance information that is leaking out. Perhaps proclamation is some form of communication. When
I look it up in the dictionary, I can verify that proclamation is a noun and it means a public or official
announcement.
11.
The teacher can read the second paragraph aloud. Discuss with students: The narrator seems to take pride
in the
fact that this holiday is an American holiday. Ask students: Why might he be proud of this fact,
especially if many do not know the history behind it? Is he proud of it, or is his tone sarcastic? What evi-
dence can you find to support your inference?
12.
The teacher
can model ways to determine the meaning of "institution." Students can take notes on their
vocabulary handout. A possible think aloud could include:
– When I look at the second paragraph in the story, it makes it seem like Thanksgiving Day is very im-
portant to the city being referenced and it also seems important to the narrator; he seems to describe
the holiday with a little bit of pride that this is a holiday that is totally for Americans. Perhaps the word
"institution" has something to do with the importance of this holiday. Based on how it is used in the
sentence it is a noun. When I look it up in the dictionary, multiple meanings for this word are shown.
The one that makes the most sense is the one that says institution is an established law or custom.
Thanksgiving Day is a national holiday and it occurs every year. It is a custom that many Americans
participate in each year. The other definitions that describe institution being an organization, or a
building, or a pattern of behavior, just don't fit the context of the sentence or the paragraph.
13.
Read the third paragraph aloud. Then help students to see the narrator is about to tell the reader a story, a
story about
traditions
, traditions that have come about because of people's git-up and enterprise. This
phrase might mean that the traditions about to be described in the story came about because people took
an initiative and started them.
Guided Practice: What activities or exercises will the students complete with teacher guidance?
0.
Allow students to work with a partner or small group to work through taking turns to read aloud the rest
of page 1. (Page numbers described in the guided practice section are based on the
student copy
of the
story.)
1.
After reading page one, students should work with their partner or group to determine the meaning of the
green highlighted words in context of the story. Students can use the
vocabulary handout
to write down
their preliminary definition and the strategy they used to arrive at this definition. Students can use context
clues or Greek or Latin affixes and roots to determine a preliminary meaning of the word. Then students
can look up the word in the dictionary to verify the accuracy of their determination. Students can use the
vocabulary handout to write down the final definition they came up with after combining their under-
standing with that of the dictionary definition. Note: The teacher should have hard copies of dictionaries
for students to use or easy access for them to use online dictionaries.
2.
Students will work with their partner or group to answer the first six questions on the student handout.
161
3.
Students and teacher can come back together as a whole group and discuss students' definitions for the
green highlighted words. As students share out their responses (and how they arrived at the definitions)
the teacher can provide corrective feedback. If needed, the teacher can model or think aloud for any of
these words if students showed widespread difficulty with the process.
4.
Have student partners or groups take turns sharing out responses for the first six questions. As students
share, the teacher can add additional points or provide corrective feedback if needed. Use the teacher
handout to discuss additional aspects of the story on this page. This includes (but is not limited to):
– The setting is in New York City.
– In paragraph four, help students understand that the narrator is referencing Charles Dickens, a British
author, author of many works including A Christmas Carol. This story in particular inspired its readers
to do good things for their fellow man, especially the poor and those in need.
– In paragraph five, trysting means an appointed place of meeting. This word is important for students to
understand as it helps the reader know that Stuffy Pete comes to this spot to meet someone.
– In paragraph five, with the phrase "the result of habit than of the yearly hunger" students should rec-
ognize that today Stuffy Pete has come to the bench out of habit, rather than out of hunger-this is con-
firmed in the next paragraph. With this phrase students could make the inference that in the past Pete
came to this location because he was hungry.
5.
Have students return to their partner or group to work on reading aloud page 2. After students have read
page 2 aloud, they can follow the same process as before, working to determine the meanings of the green
highlighted words and then answering questions 7 through 12 on the handout.
6.
Students and teacher can come back together as a whole group to discuss students' definitions for the
words as well as their responses to the questions. The teacher will provide verbal corrective feedback as
needed. Continue to use the teacher handout to discuss additional aspects of this part of the story.
– In paragraph eleven have students take note that the word "Institution" is now capitalized. Through
this sentence it is emphasized that this custom is important to the Old Gentleman; it is near to his
heart. With the word "rearing" it could mean this is a custom or tradition he is raising, almost like
"rearing" or "raising" a child.
– In paragraph eleven, with the lines in this paragraph help students to see that we have a humorous tone
here. He knows that one man feeding another on Thanksgiving is one small act but it is something. It
certainly seems important to the Old Gentleman.
– In paragraph fifteen ask students: What kind of tone is used here? Help students to see we have a
mock-serious tone. The words the old man says to Stuffy Pete each year are a part of his time-honored
9 year tradition of greeting him and then feeding him. The words aren't as important as the words in
theDeclaration of Independence but they are important to Pete and to the old man.
– At the end of paragraph fifteen help students to identify that the old man does not notice Pete is sweat-
ing or in pain.
Independent Practice: What activities or exercises will students complete to reinforce the con-
cepts and skills developed in the lesson?
0.
Students will now independently read the last page and a half of the story.
1.
Students will continue to use their graphic organizer as they work to determine the meanings of the green
highlighted words. Students will need access to print or online dictionaries.
2.
Students will then answer questions 13-22 on the student handout.
3.
Depending on the teacher's curriculum time, they might wish to collect students' work for questions 13-22
and provide written feedback and a grade. After passing back students' work, the teacher could address
the questions the class had the most difficulty with and provide modeling or support for these questions.
Or, after the students have answered the questions, the teacher could call on different students to share
their responses. The teacher could provide the rest of the class with opportunities to add to or disagree
with the student's response. The teacher can provide corrective feedback as needed and allow students to
add to or correct their written responses. The teacher can also use the teacher handout to discuss other as-
pects of the story's final pages.
– Help students to see that because Pete is needy or disadvantaged, the men in the ambulance assumed
he passed out because he was drunk, but when they didn't smell any alcohol on him, they sent him to
162
the hospital. This is a good example of where their perceptions of him, because of his social class and
the stereotypes often connected with it, were not correct.
– Help students see the reader had assumed the old man was a man of wealth and the revelation that he
wasn't rich was surprising. This is a good example of where the reader's perception of the old man was
one thing and in reality he was something else (not rich and instead really financially struggling).
– The teacher may also wish to discuss with students what they think about the fact that the old man did
not eat with Pete at any of the past meals. Did he not eat because he was enjoying watching Pete enjoy
his meal? Or did he not eat because he did not have the extra money at that time either?
4.
If your students have not participated in a Socratic Seminar before, introduce the activity before passing
out the Socratic Seminar questions. A resource teachers may find helpful for their own learning comes
from a strategy guide and tools provided by ReadWriteThink.org. The teacher can show this video to stu-
dents to help them see the process in action.
Through watching the video students should notice that they are the active participants in the discus-
sion; the teacher is not significantly involved in the discussion.
They should also notice that no one talks over one another; students wait for a pause or work to hop
in on the discussion in a natural way (students do not raise their hands to be called on by other stu-
dents or the teacher).
Students listen to one another in order to build on or counter a point made by their peers.
Students continually refer back to the text to support their points.
The conversation centers on the text and does not veer off into inappropriate or off topic conversa-
tion. Everyone is actively listening and not working on other things.
5.
The teacher can use the Socratic Seminar handout for questions (there are seven questions) to use in the
seminar if they wish. The teacher could cut out the questions into strips and pass out one question per stu-
dent. It is okay if multiple students have the same question as their analysis of the text through that ques-
tion will likely be different from their peers and this will add more to the conversation. Go over the direc-
tions on the handout with students and help them to understand their written response should be a de-
tailed, well-written extended paragraph. They should use textual support from the story throughout their
response. They will be able to refer to their written responses during the seminar.
6.
Make sure students know that they can use their copy of the story, their notes, and their responses to the
student handout questions to help them when answering the Socratic Seminar question. Make sure stu-
dents understand that they will not be reading their written response verbatim, but they can refer to it dur-
ing the discussion. Also, make sure students understand that they will be participating in the discussion
for questions beyond just the one they were assigned. This is why a careful reading of the story will help
them throughout the seminar. If teachers want students to be able to see all the Socratic Seminar questions
so they know what will be discussed overall, teachers can pass out the entire handout to them, rather than
just the strip with their question on it.
7.
The teacher should tell students that their written responses will be collected after the conclusion of the
seminar for an additional participation grade. Knowing that their written work will be collected and
graded may give students extra incentive to respond carefully and thoroughly in their written response,
which will in turn help them to better prepare for their oral participation in the seminar.
8.
Before beginning the seminar, go over the rubric for how students will receive an oral participation grade
for the Socratic Seminar. Teachers might wish to use the analytic or holistic rubric from the Greece Cen-
tral School District to assess students' participation.
9.
Students will now participate in the Socratic Seminar as their summative assessment for the lesson. The
teacher should limit their involvement in the seminar to putting out the first question (you can pick any
question off the list to begin with) and helping with procedures. For example, if students begin to get off
task, redirect them to the text. If it seems like the discussion of a question has been exhausted put out
another question from the list for students to discuss. The teacher should take notes on students' participa-
tion during the seminar. It would be helpful to have a copy of the rubric in front of you and a chart with
students' names on it with enough blank space to take a few notes about each student's participation to
justify your final assessment grade. You may also want to check off as each student shares their verbal re-
163
sponse to their assigned question with the group. You can also make check marks each time a student
verbally participates and the quality of their responses.
10.
Note: When you put out a question, have the students who were assigned that question have the first op-
portunity to respond to the question and share their thoughts. Then the rest of the students can naturally
participate and propel the conversation by clarifying, verifying, or challenging ideas presented by their
peers.
11.
Collect students' written responses after the seminar has been completed in order to give students a par-
ticipation grade for their written work.
Closure: How will the teacher assist students in organizing the knowledge gained in the lesson?
To wrap up the lesson and help students synthesize what they learned:
0.
Teachers could return to the guiding questions for the lesson and have a brief whole group discussion on
some of the questions to see how students' thinking has changed during the course of the lesson.
1.
Teachers could also use or adapt this Socratic Seminar reflection handout from the Greece Central School
District to provide students with a way to reflect on their experience in the Socratic Seminar, reflect on
their thinking about the story, and set goals for their involvement in future seminars.
ASSESSMENT
Formative Assessment:
During the lesson:
The lesson includes multiple stopping points for the teacher to check in with students and gather in-
formation about student understanding. After page one in the story, then after page two, and finally after
students complete the story, the teacher will gather students back into whole group for each of these read-
ing portions to have students share their responses to the questions on the student handout for that section,
as well as their responses to the vocabulary words for that section. Through these checkpoints, the teacher
will be able to determine if students need remediation or for the teacher to perform more think aloud to
help students with their reading comprehension or strategies to use to determine the meaning of unfamiliar
words in context.
Feedback to Students:
Students will receive feedback at each of the stopping points listed above. Teachers will provide ver-
bal corrective feedback and perform additional modeling or think aloud as needed to help students with any
reading comprehension questions they get stuck on or any vocabulary words they are having trouble deter-
mining the meanings of. The teacher also has the option to collect students' questions and vocabulary
handout for the work done in the independent practice section and provide written feedback instead. At
each of the stopping points through the feedback that the teacher provides students can apply that feedback
and any new understandings gathered to the next section of reading they will complete. Furthermore, stu-
dents can apply all the feedback received throughout the lesson to assist with their preparation for the
summative assessment, a Socratic Seminar.
Depending on the needs of their students, teachers have the option of collecting students' written res-
ponses to the Socratic Seminar question before they participate in the seminar. This will allow the teacher
to give written feedback and students can then revise their work before the seminar begins to help them
with their preparations for this discussion.
Summative Assessment:
Students will receive feedback at each of the stopping points listed above. Teachers will provide ver-
bal corrective feedback and perform additional modeling or think aloud as needed to help students with any
reading comprehension questions they get stuck on or any vocabulary words they are having trouble deter-
mining the meanings of. The teacher also has the option to collect students' questions and vocabulary
handout for the work done in the independent practice section and provide written feedback instead. At
each of the stopping points through the feedback that the teacher provides students can apply that feedback
and any new understandings gathered to the next section of reading they will complete. Furthermore, stu-
dents can apply all the feedback received throughout the lesson to assist with their preparation for the
summative assessment, a Socratic Seminar.
164
Depending on the needs of their students, teachers have the option of collecting students' written res-
ponses to the Socratic Seminar question before they participate in the seminar. This will allow the teacher
to give written feedback and students can then revise their work before the seminar begins to help them
with their preparations for this discussion.
ACCOMMODATIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
Accommodations:
--The teacher could incorporate more think aloud into the lesson to help students with strategies to
determine the meaning of unfamiliar words in a text.
– The teacher or strong student readers could read aloud a larger portion of the story to model fluency
before having students work in partners or small groups. With this read aloud, the teacher and students
could work together to answer the questions from the student handout for the entire portion that is read
aloud. This would allow the teacher to build in think aloud to help students see what reading strategies
they are using as they work to make sense of the text and answer the questions.
– The teacher could decrease the number of questions on the student handout.
– The teacher could have students text code as they read the story. Students could highlight or code the
text with a special marking for words that describe Stuffy Pete and words that describe the Old Gen-
tleman. They could highlight or code the text to mark details that describe the interaction between
these two men.
– The teacher could select a small group of students to model participation in a Socratic Seminar using a
question that connects to the story. This could take place before the full class formally participates in
the seminar.
Extensions:
– Students could work with a partner to create a question of their own for the Socratic Seminar.
– Students could respond to the following prompts in an extended written paragraph:
o
Which character is more selfless? Use textual evidence to support your claim.
o
How does O. Henry use diction to manipulate our impressions of the characters? Use textual
evidence to support your claim.
– Teachers could also have students take one of the questions from the Socratic Seminar and create a
full essay using their notes from their reading and from the Socratic Seminar.
Suggested Technology: Computer for Presenter, LCD Projector, Overhead Projector
Special Materials Needed: All necessary materials have been uploaded as attachments to the lesson
or linked to within the lesson.
Appendix
2
Why use graphic organizers?
The human brain naturally looks for connections between old and new information. Additionally, stu-
dies have shown that the brain processes information most efficiently in chunks. Graphic organizers com-
plement both of these processes by helping students:
Visually sort new information into familiar categories
Analyze the relationships between old and new information
Create a simple structure for thinking about information in new ways
Review concepts and demonstrate understanding
Graphic organizers can be used in all phases of learning from brainstorming ideas to presenting find-
ings. Reading A-Z has assembled a collection of effective organizers that may be tailored to most classrooms
or students.
What
are graphic organizers?
Graphic organizers can support all subject areas, languages, and levels of learning. Reading A-Z pro-
vides two collections of graphic organizers--one for primary grades (K-2) and one for intermediate grades (3-
165
6). These collections are arranged according to the reading strategy, comprehension skill, or learning process
they best facilitate. The majority of the organizers in both collections can be adapted for use in all classrooms
and for learners of all abilities.
When using graphic organizers with early readers, teacher guidance may be necessary. As readers
progress, they may benefit from completing the organizers independently (the brain remembers best when
personal creativity has been invested in the exercise). To facilitate the learning process, encourage the use of
a variety of mediums, including colored markers, crayons, and pencils. If possible, it benefits students to
have the graphic organizers reproduced on colored paper. Give students as much freedom as possible to
create and complete their organizers.
KWL Organizer
How To Use It: KWL organizers are normal used to spark your creative side using inquiry. We have
students complete this at the introduction phase of a lesson or unit and then follows you through the comple-
tion of that lesson and /or unit. K stands for "What do you already know?" (prior knowledge). W stands for
"What do you want to learn?" (students generate their own questions and hopes). L is usually completed at
the conclusion of the lesson or unit. L stands for "What Did I Learn?" (demonstrating knowledge that was
gained.)
KWL Organizer
How To Use It: KWL organizers are normal used to spark your creative side using inquiry. We have
students complete this at the introduction phase of a lesson or unit and then follows you through the comple-
tion of that lesson and /or unit. K stands for "What do you already know?" (prior knowledge). W stands for
"What do you want to learn?" (students generate their own questions and hopes). L is usually completed at
the conclusion of the lesson or unit. L stands for "What Did I Learn?" (demonstrating knowledge that was
gained.)
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Venn Diagram
How To Use It: We all know this oldie, but goodie. The classic and standard method for comparing
two entities.
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Who, What, When, Where, How, Why Map
How To Use It: We all know this oldie, but goodie. The classic and standard method for comparing
two entities.
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Big Mac Paragraph Format Organizer
How To Use It: This is a huge favorite of many teachers worldwide. Yeah, we updated the burger. We
call it "Chesse Burger 2.0"!
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Character Analysis Pyramid Organizer
How To Use It: Super helpful when you are reviewing a story. We look at one single character.
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Elements of the Story Organizer
How To Use It: Document the antagonist or villian in any story. This makes it just a little more fun.
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Приложение 4
САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА СТУДЕНТОВ
Аспект «РАЗГОВОР».
направление «Лингвистика и межкультурная коммуникация»
для студентов 4 года обучения
Составитель: АХМЕТОВА Э.Д. – преподаватель кафедры Лингвистики
Суть метода проектов
Метод проектов - это таким образом организованная, поисковая, исследовательская деятель-
ность студентов, которая предусматривает не просто достижение того или иного результата, оформ-
ленного в виде конкретного практического выхода, но организацию процесса достижения этого ре-
зультата. В современной педагогике метод проектов применяется не вместо систематического пред-
метного обучения, а наряду с ним как компонент системы образования.
Метод проекта - это способ достижения дидактической цели через детальную разработку
проблемы. Проект- это возможность студентам выразить свои собственные идеи в творчески проду-
манной форме. Проект на уроках английского языка - это также реальная возможность использовать
полученные на других предметах знания, средствами иностранного языка.
Метод проектов - это путь развития активного, самостоятельного мышления студента, чтобы
научить его не просто запоминать воспроизводить знания, которые дает им преподаватель, а уметь
применять эти знания на практике.
Этапы подготовки работы над проектом
1 этап - этап планирования, организационная работа.
Моя задача - вызвать интерес к теме и настроить студентов на восприятие материала с помо-
щью вступительной беседы.
2 этап- подготовительный. Для этого активизирую для работы лексику и грамматические кон-
струкции. Чтобы сформировать у студентов необходимые умения и навыки в том или ином виде
речевой деятельности сформировать лингвистическую компетенцию на уровне, определенной про-
граммой и стандартом, необходима активная устная практика для каждого студента группы англий-
ского языка. Важно предоставить им возможность мыслить, решать какие-то проблемы, которые по-
рождают мысли рассуждать на английском языке над возможными путями решения этих проблем с
тем, чтобы студенты акцентировали внимание на содержании своего высказывания,чтобы в центре
внимания была мысль, а английский язык выступал в своей прямой функции-формирования и фор-
мулирования этих мыслей.
3 этап-выполнение проекта. Студенты собирают информацию, пользуясь различными услуга-
ми (библиотека, интернет). Главная задача на этом этапе- сбор информации и оформление еѐ.
4 этап-презентация и защита проекта. В свой практике использую проекты творческого харак-
тера, практико-ориентированные, ролевые и игровые. Это и моно проекты.
В практике применяются различные проекты: 1 проект рассчитан на одну неделю.
Этапы работы над проектом студентов
Метод проектов направлен на обучение планированию:
студент должен уметь четко определить цель;
описать основные шаги по достижению поставленной цели;
концентрироваться на достижении цели, на протяжении всей работы;
развитие творческого мышления:
пространственное воображение;
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самостоятельный перенос теоретических знаний в практику;
комбинаторные умения;
прогностические умения.
умения работать с информацией:
отбирать нужную;
анализировать;
систематизировать и обобщать;
выявлять проблемы;
выдвигать обоснованные гипотезы их решения;
ставить эксперименты;
статистически обрабатывать данные;
генерировать идеи;
формирование позитивного отношения к работе:
студент должен проявлять инициативу, энтузиазм;
стараться выполнить работу с установленным планом.
Метод проект: Самостоятельная работа студентов по аспекту «РАЗГОВОР»
Группа: ПА-3-10.
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