The Past Simple Tense употребляется при описании действий, состо-
явшихся в прошлом. При составлении предложений в Past Simple необходи-
мо правильно образовать саму форму прошедшего времени, которые у глаго-
лов в английском языке образуются по-разному, в зависимости от того, отно-
сится ли данный глагол к Regular Verbs, т. е. правильным глаголам или к
Irregular Verbs, т. е. неправильным глаголам.
The Future Simple Tense применяется, если в предложении говорится о
некоем действии, которое произойдет когда-нибудь в будущем (причем часто
в предложении совершенно отсутствуют обстоятельства времени). Чаще все-
го данное время служит для описания естественного хода событий, а также
для описания действия, которое совершается лишь при определенных усло-
виях и обстоятельствах, выраженных в придаточных предложениях времени
и условия.
Основные правила образования придаточных времени и условия:
Во-первых, они соединяются с главным предложением союзами if,
when, after, before, assonas и другими.
Во-вторых, сказуемые в них стоят не в форме будущего (!), а в форме
настоящего (!) времени, т. е. мы говорим о будущем действии при помощи
формы настоящего времени! Нельзя употреблять формы The Future Simple
Tense в придаточном времени и условия!
Я поеду в Москву, как только закончу эту работу.(придаточное време-
ни) – I'll go to Moscow as soon as I finish doing this work.
Упражнение 1. Напишите следующие предложения в отрицатель-
ной форме:
1. I am a student. 2. I get up at 7 every morning. 3. I have got much free
time. 4. My college is far from my house. 5. I go there on foot. 6. I learn English.
7. I have many English books. 8. My friend lives near the college. 9. We go to col-
lege together. 10. She likes to read books.
Упражнение 2. Сделайте следующие предложения вопросительны-
ми.
1. I've got two brothers. 2. He is an engineer. 3. He goes to school at 8. 4.
We usually have 6 lessons every day. 5. My friend likes English. 6. We read Eng-
lish well. 7. There are many desks in this class-room. 8. She likes to learn English.
9. Tom goes to bed at 10. 10. I have got a good TV set.
57
Упражнение 3. Поставьте глагол в 3-ем лице единственного числа.
Начинайте каждое предложение со слов: My friend ...
Образец: I usually read books in the evening. – My friend usually reads
book m the evening.
Обратите внимание на правильное произнесение суффикса -s и -es.
1. I always get up at 7. 2. I wash my face and hands. 3. I don't like to take a
shower in the morning. 4. I have breakfast in the kitchen. 5. For breakfast I have a
sandwich and a cup of tea. 6. I don't like coffee. 7. I go to school at 8. 8. I have 6
lessons every day. 9. I don't go home by bus. 10. I like to walk.
Упражнение 4. Вставьте глагол в правильной форме.
1. I … in Moscow. (live, lives)
2. … you like English? (do, does)
3. My friends … German well. (speak, speaks)
4. He … not work at the factory. (do, does)
5. …. Pete often go to the theatre (do, does)?
Упражнение 5. Поставьте глаголы в Present Simple.
1. We usually (to retell) texts and (to do) tests at the lessons?
2. Olga (to be) friendly and trendy.
3. I (not to like) to read horror stories about monsters when it (to be) rainy.
4. The pupils (to classify) a lot of words every day?
5. Mary (to advise) me to go to the cinema.
6. Helen (to spend) her spare time in Cambridge?
7. My German teacher (to teach) me to spell words well.
8. Olga and Tanya (not to think) this Disney film (to be) interesting.
9. Lyna’s party (to be) very merry.
10. All children often (to visit) their grandparents in summer?
Упражнение 6. Поставьте глаголы в Present Simple.
1. Michael (not to walk) with his dog in the garden every day.
2. The girl often (to go) to her granny with a basket of food: frog's legs,
chocolate's scones and hot porridge in the pot.
3. Tom and Mary (to live) in a house in the wood?
4. When the weather (to be) good she (to walk) around the pond to collect
frogs.
5. They often (to go) boating
58
Упражнение 7. Измените данные предложения, употребляя Past
Simple и наречия yesterday, last year, some days ago, где это необходимо.
1. I often watch TV. 2. I am very busy today. 3. He has a nice dog. 4. My fa-
ther works at a plant. 5. The boys like to play football. 6. My friend lives in Mos-
cow. 7. We love this book. 8. They translate newspapers every day. 9. He often
phones his friend. 10. Do you play hockey in winter?
Упражнение 8. Употребите вопросительную форму.
1. I got up at 7. 2. His father was an engineer. 3. The children like to play
football. 4. I didn't swim last year. 5. His friend came home yesterday at 6. 6. The
weather was fine yesterday. 7. We decided to go in boat. 8. My father likes to read
newspapers. 9. I sometimes watch TV in the evening. 10. He usually goes to bed at
10.
Упражнение 9. Употребите формы глагола to be: wasили were, was-
n't или weren't.
1. I phoned her yesterday but she ... at home. 2. Where ... you yesterday at 2?
3. She finished school when she ... 16. 4. Tom ... at work last week because he ...
ill. 5. My father ... at home at 5 p.m. He came only at 7. 6. He ... quite happy with
his family. 7. The children ... at home when I came to them. They ... in the garden.
8. Charlie Chaplin died in 1978. He ... a famous film star. 9. The shops ... open
yesterday because it ... a public holiday. 10. This time last year I … in Paris.
Упражнение10. Поставьте вопросы, употребляя when, where.
1. I was born in 1969. 2. He went to the park yesterday. 3. They got up at 7.
4. The meeting finished at 2. 5. My mother was busy at an office. 6. She saw her
girl-friend in the park. 7. I lived in Oxford last year. 8. They finished school in
1993. 9. We met her at the station. 10. The weather was cold yesterday.
Упражнение 11. Напишите инфинитив следующих глаголов:
was, had, answered, studied, saw, played, worked, wrote, opened, looked,
were, did, became, went, understood.
Упражнение 12. Вставьте глаголы в Past Simple.
1. She … Russian and did not … any mistakes (to speak, to make).
2. She did not … her things in the right place (to put).
3. Did you … the portrait of Walter Scott in the room? (to see)
4. She didn’t … her child to the party (to take).
5. I … up and … to him (to stand, to go).
6. I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock yesterday.
7. My brother (not to drink) coffee yesterday.
8. Your sister (to take) a bus to get to work?
9. She (to help) her mother to clean the flat two days ago.
10. Mr. Huckster (to work) in the USA in 1998.
59
Упражнение 13. Ответьте на вопросы, употребляя Future Simple.
Начинайте предложения с I think ..., I don't think ….
Образец: I'll go to the concert tomorrow. And you?
I think I'll go to the concert too, или I don't think I’ll go to the concert to-
morrow.
1. Tom will go to the library. And you? 2. Jack will make a report at the con-
ference. And Bob? 3. We shall go to the British Museum. And you? 4. I'll buy this
book. And you? 5. I'll be at home at 7. And you? 6. Bill will play football tomor-
row. And Jack? 7. We shall have a plate of soup. And you? 8. They will visit the
National Museum. And you? 9. We shall have dinner at 5. And you? 10. I'll have a
cup of tea. And you?
Упражнение 14. Укажите номера предложений, сказуемое которых
стоит в Future Simple Tense, объясните почему.
1. She went there.
2. She wants to go there.
3. She will go there.
4. We shall read this book.
5. Do you live in Volgograd?
6. They will not go to the theatre.
Упражнение 15. Поставьте предложения в Future Simple Tense.
1. I (not to eat) ice-cream tomorrow.
2. What your brother (to do) next week?
3. I (to invite) my friends to come to my place in a few days.
4. They (to write) a dictation tomorrow.
5. Wait a moment. I (to call) my chief.
6. What we (to do) next?
7. He (not to give) you your money back.
8. Where you (to spend) your next summer?
60
UNIT 5
THE EDUCATION OF GREAT BRITAIN
1. Read the following text.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Before the 12
th
century most people were illiterate. Reading and writing
skills were not considered important or necessary. Monasteries were centres of ed-
ucation, and priests and monks were most educated people.
But with the development of such sciences as medicine and law, organiza-
tions of general study called universities appeared in Italy and France. A university
had four faculties. Theology (the study of religions), Canon Law
2
(church laws),
Medicine and Art, which included Latin grammar, rhetoric (the art of making
speeches), logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music.
In the middle of the 12
th
century a group of professors from France came to
Britain and founded schools in the town of Oxford in 1163.It was the beginning of
the first English university. A second university was formed in 1209 in Cambridge.
Towards the end of the 13
th
century colleges appeared around the universities,
where other subjects.
Getting an education in those times was very difficult. Printing had not yet
been invented, and all the books were hand written. That’s why books were rare
and very expensive. Only the richest people could afford buying books. If a man
had twenty or thirty books, people said that he had a great library. Special rules ex-
isted for handling books. You were not to touch books with dirty hands or put them
on the table at meal times. In almost any monastery you could find one or two or
more monks spending hours every day copying books.
Printing was invented in the middle of the 15
th
century in Germany, by Jo-
hann Gutenberg. To England it was brought by William Caxton.
In his early youth Caxton was an apprentice to a company of London mer-
chants. Later he lived in Flanders where he worked as a hand-copier of books for
the royal family. He was a learned man and did translations from French into Eng-
lish. When he was on business in Germany, he learned the art of printing. In 1476,
when Caxton returned to England, he set up the first English printing-press in Lon-
don. Two years later, a second printing-press was set up in Oxford. During the next
fifteen years Caxton printed sixty-five works, both translations and originals.
61
Vocabulary:
Theology - теология (богословие)
Canon Law – церковное право
Rhetoric – риторика
Johann Gutenberg – Иоганн Гутенберг
William Caxton – Уильям Какстон
Flanders - Фландрия
Printing-press - типография
2. Answer the following questions
1. Where were centres of education in Britain?
2. Who were the most educated people?
3. Where did universities appear?
4. How many faculties had the first university?
5. When was organized the first English university?
6. What was formed in 1209 in Cambridge?
7. Why books were rare and very expensive?
8. When and where printing was invented by Johann Gutenberg?
9. Who set up the first English printing-press?
3. Read the text, do the tasks after it, be ready to speak about the British
school education. Study the vocabulary to the text.
THE SYSTEM OF BRITISH SCHOOL EDUCATION
British education helps to develop fully the abilities of individuals, for their
own benefit and of society as a whole. Compulsory schooling takes place between
the ages of 5 and 16, but some pupils remain at school for 2 years more, to prepare
for further higher education. Post-school education is organized flexibly, to pro-
vide a wide range of opportunities for academic and vacational education and to
continue studying through out life.
Administration of state schools is decentralized. The department of educa-
tion and science is responsible for national education policy, but it doesn't run any
schools, it doesn't employ teachers, or prescribe corricular (programme) or text-
books. All schools are given a considerable amount of freedom. According to the
law only one subject is compulsory. That is religious instruction.
Children receive preschool education under the age of 5 in nursery schools
or in infant's classes in primary schools.
Most pupils receive free education funded from public funds and the small
proportions attend wholly independent schools. Most independent schools are sin-
gle-sex, but the number of mixed schools is growing.
62
Education within the maintained schools system usually comprises two stag-
es: primary and secondary education. Primary schools are subdivided into infant
schools (ages 5 - 7) and junior schools (ages 7 - 11).
Infant schools are informal and children are encouraged to read, write and
make use of numbers and develop the creative abilities. Primary children do all
their work with the same class teacher except for PT and music.
The junior stage lasts for 4 years. Children have set periods of arithmetic,
reading, composition, history, geography, nature study and others. At this stage of
schooling pupils were often placed in A, B, C and D streams according their abili-
ties. The most able children were put in the A stream, the least able in the D
stream. Till recently most junior school children had to take the 11-plus ex-
amination. It usually consisted of an arithmetic paper and an intelligence test. Ac-
cording to the results of the exam children were sent to Grammar, Technical or
Secondary modern schools. So called comprehensive schools began to appear after
World War II. They are mixed schools which can provide education for over 1000
pupils. Ideally they provide all the courses given in Grammar, Technical and Sec-
ondary modern schools.
By the law all children must receive full-time education between the ages of
5 and 16. Formally each child can remain in school for further 2 or 3 years and
continue his studies in the sixth form up to the age of 18 or 19. The course is usual-
ly subdivided into the lower 6 and the upper 6. The curriculum is narrowed to 5
subjects of which a pupil can choose 2 or 3.
The main examinations for secondary school pupils are general certificate of
education (the GCE) exam and general certificate of secondary education (the
GCSE) exam. The GCSE exam is held at two levels: Ordinary level (O-level) and
Advanced level (A-level). Candidates sit for O-level papers at 15 - 16 years at the
end of the 5
th
form. A-level is usually taken at the end of the 6th form. The GCSE
level exam is taken after 5 years of secondary education by the pupils who are of
average abilities for their age.
Vocabulary:
Grammar school - средняя школа (классическая школа для детей от 11
до 18 лет, отобранных по результатам экзаменов; даёт право поступления в
ВУЗ; программа предусматривает изучение классических языков) [первонач.
школа латинской грамматики (в Англии)], среднее звено в государственном
образовании)
Technical school- техническое училище, техникум
Vocational school / tradeschool- профессионально-техническое училище
Secondary Modern school- средняя современная школа (в Великобрита-
нии, для детей от 11 до 16 лет)
Сomprehensive school - общеобразовательная школа; единая, ком-
плексная школа.
Public school– государственная школа
63
Preparatory school - подготовительная школа. Также, частная начальная
школа (для детей от 6 до13 лет; готовит к поступлению в престижную сред-
нюю школу).
EXAMS
General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) - аттестат об общем
среднем образовании; экзамен на получение аттестата об общем среднем об-
разовании.
General Certificate of Education (GCE) - свидетельство о базовом обра-
зовании.
Ordinary Level (O-Level) - экзамен по программе средней школы 1
уровня сложности (сдавался по окончании 5 класса; в 1988 г. его заменил эк-
замен на получение аттестата об общем среднем образовании).
Advanced Level (A-level) - экзамен по программе средней школы 2
уровня сложности (сдаётся в Великобритании по окончании 6 класса (2-х
последних лет учебы); результаты этого экзамена учитываются при поступ-
лении в университет).
4. Answer the following questions:
1.
What is the age of compulsory education in Great Britain?
2.
Administration of state schools is decentralized. What does it mean?
3.
Where can children receive preschool education?
4.
Is secondary education in Great Britain free of charge?
5.
What are the peculiarities of private schools?
6.
What stages does education within the maintained schools system
usually comprises?
7.
What exam do junior schoolchildren have to take to transfer to sec-
ondary school?
8.
What types of secondary schools do you know? What is the difference
between them?
9.
What is the sixth form?
10. What are the main examinations for secondary school pupils?
5. Decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space.
There is usually one important (1) … missing from most school (2) … .
Very few students are (3) … how to organise their learning, and how to (4) … the
best use of their time. Let’s take some simple (5) … . Do you know how to (6) …
up words in a dictionary, and do you understand all the (7) … the dictionary con-
tains? Can you (8) … notes quickly, and can you understand them (9) …? For
some reasons, many schools give learners no (10) … with these matters. Teachers
ask students to (11) pages from books, or tell them to write ten pages, but don’t
explain (12) … to do it. Learning by (13) … can be useful, but it is more important
to have a genuine (14) … of a subject. You can (15) … a lot of time memorizing
books, without understanding anything about the subject!
64
1
a) theme
b) book
c) subject
d) mark
2
a) agendas
b) timetables
c) terms
d) organizations
3
a) taught
b) learnt
c) educated
d) graduated
4
a) take
b) give
c) get
d) make
5
a) sentences
b) results
c) rules
d) examples
6
a) find
b) look
c) research
d) get
7
a) information
b) advice
c) subjects
d) themes
8
a) do
b) send
c) make
d) revise
9
a) after
b) afterwards
c) lastly
d) atlast
10 a) teaching
b) ability
c) instruction
d) help
11 a) concentrate
b) remind
c) forget
d) memorize
12 a) how
b) what
c) why
d) it
13 a) theway
b) heart
c) now
d) law
14 a) information
b) success
c)understanding
d) attention
15 a) pass
b) waste
c) tell
d) use
6. Complete each sentence with a form of do, make or take.
1. Have you …..…… Exercise 3 yet?
2. I can’t come this afternoon. I am ……….. an English exam.
3. Jack has …………. very well this term.
4. I am afraid that you haven’t …………… any progress.
5. Sue didn’t know the answer, so she ….……… a guess.
6. You all look tired. Let’s …………… a break.
7. This is a good composition, but you have ……….… a lot of errors.
8. I think you should ………… yourself more seriously.
9. The teacher gave a lecture, and the class ………… notes.
10. Paul finds maths difficult, but he …………… his best.
7. Read the dialogue and say what it is about.
Christophe: Well, you’ve explained your educational system, Harry, with its
three layers - primary, secondary and university. But tell me, who pays for all this?
Harry: The nation. That's to say, the people - we -us! We pay through our
local rates and central taxes.
Hans: Oh, then I'm beginning to understand the burden... on the back of poor
John Bull!
Harry: That's it. Nearly all education is free, just as most of the health ser-
vice is. But of course "free" is a misnomer: for we pay for most of it through our
rates and taxes or by contributions.
Christophe: And would you say all this "free" business is good for the coun-
try? Free education for example?
65
Harry: Well, it does give a poor boy practically the same chance as a rich
one. And if better schools and better teachers can make better citizens all the mon-
ey spent will have been worth, while.
Hans: Yes - but do you get better citizens?
I Harry: Not yet. I'm not sure when we shall. There seems to be a weakness I
somewhere. But our kids and youngsters don't always put their back into study as
yours do. I wish we could think of some way to restore initiative and hard study.
Hans: Perhaps your young folk go too much to dances and pictures? Or they
are sport fans.
Harry: Maybe. But it isn't safe to generalize really. For many do study hard.
Christophe: Oh, yes, that's true... It has been very interesting. We are certain-
ly learning a lot. Good night!
Hans: Yes, Hurry, we are grateful to you. Good night!
Vocabulary:
to pay through one’s local rates and central taxes – платить из местного
бюджета и основных налогов.
misnomer – неправильное употребление чего-либо.
to put one’s back into one’s study – приложить усилия.
to restore initiative and hard study – вернуть инициативу и рвение к
учебе.
young folk = youngsters
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