Органы речи и их деятельность при возникновении звуков
CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS
жүктеу/скачать 6,33 Mb.
|
| CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS
Consonants are the sounds made with air stream that meets an obstruction in the mouth or nasal cavities. Consonants are the bones of a word and give it its basic shape. English accents differ mainly in vowels, the consonants are more or less the same. Can you guess what is written here? Which variant is easier to read? w-ll y- - -nv-t- m- t- th- p-rt-? -i- - -ou i- -i-e –e –o - -e –a- - y? The main principles of classification
1. Complete the chart with the appropriate sound examples
OCCLUSIVE NOISE CONSONANTS Occlusive noise consonants are [p b t d k g] They are occlusive because a complete obstruction to the stream or air is formed. They are stops because the breath is stopped at some point of articulation and then released with an explosion that is why they are also called plosives. Stops are oral because the soft palate is raised and the air goes through the mouth. [p t k] in initial position in a stressed syllable are accompanied by aspiration, i.e. strong puff of breath, e.g. port, talk, cart, poke, take, Kate (before a long vowel or a diphthong).
CONSTRICTIVE FRICATIVE CONSONANTS The sounds are constrictive because the air passage is constricted and an incomplete obstruction is formed, they are fricative, because the air passes through the narrowing with audible friction.
OCCLUSIVE CONSTRICTIVE CONSONANTS (AFFRICATES) The sounds are occlusive-constrictive because a complete obstruction to the stream of air is formed and it is released slowly with friction. Since [ʃt, dƷ] are palate-alveolar, they are slightly palatalized because the front part of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate. Palatalization is SONORANTS Sonorants are sounds pronounced with tone prevailing over noise. Sonorants may be both occlusive [m, n, η] and constrictive [l, r, w, j].
2. Guess what sound it is ??? – consonant, voiceless, strong, plosive, velar ??? - consonant, voiceless, strong, plosive, forelingual 3. Make 10 your own riddles about the sounds CLASSIFICATION OF VOWEL SOUNDS Vowels are normally made with the air stream that meets no obstruction in the mouth, pharyngeal and nasal cavities. All English vowels are divided into monophthongs or simple vowels, diphthongs or double vowels and diphthongoids. Monophthongs are vowels the articulation of which is almost unchanging. English simple vowels are generally divided into long and short. In the pronunciation of diphthongs the organs of speech glide from one vowel position to another within one syllable. Diphthongoids are the sounds whose initial point of articulation slightly differs from the end one. The changes in the position of the tongue determine largely the shape of the mouth and pharyngeal cavities. Position of the tongue may change vertically and horizontally. The shape of the mouth cavity is also largely dependent on the position of the lips. The main principles of classification
1. Complete the chart with the appropriate sound examples
2. Compare the Russian and English words and their pronunciation features. Bit быт Mill мил Pill пил Spell спел Net нет Beck бек/г Patch печь Back бег Lad лад Bank банк Pass пас Lark лак Can’t кант Dull дал Done дан Luck лак Ruck рак Cock кок Lock лог Rot рот Plot плот Caught кот Bought бот Stall смел Call кол Foot фут Look лук Put пуд Soot суд 3. Read the Russian words. Think of their English phonetic equivalents. Бей, лей, клей, рейд, май, дай, лай, тайм, шоу, скаут, нокаут 4.Compare the sounds [u:] and [i:] [ʌ] and [u] [o] and [a:] [e] and [з:] [i:] and [e] [з:] and [ǝ] 5. Answer the questions Is a diphthong [ei] longer in laid than in late? Is the diphthong [eǝ] longer in pear or in pears? VOWEL SEQUENCES All vowel sequences are pronounced with a smooth glide between them both within words and between words. No glottal stop is recommended, eg ruin, react, beyond, go out. The most common sequences are formed by adding the neutral schwa vowel to a diphthong, especially to [ai], [au], e.g. lion, hour. In fluent English speech one word is not separated from another, the end of one word flows straight on to the beginning of the next. The articles take the forms [ði:] and [ǝn] before words beginning with a vowel sound to help us glide continually from one word to another, e.g. the arm, an arm. The letter ‘r’ spelled at the end of words is pronounced before the next word beginning with a vowel to link the words (the linking ‘r’) e.g. nearer and nearer. MODIFICATION OF VOWELS IN THE CONNECTED SPEECH Reduction is a historical process of weakening shortening or disappearance of vowel sounds in unstressed position. The neutral sound schwa represents the reduced form of almost any vowel or diphthong in the unstressed position Combine – [kombain – kǝmbain] Project – [prodƷekt – prǝdƷekt] Non-reduced unstressed sounds are often retained in: Compound words, blackboard, blackbird Borrowings from foreign languages, bourgeoisie, kolkhoz жүктеу/скачать 6,33 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||