NATURAL SCIENCES AND MEDICINE
30
№ 3 (63), 2014
Regional Bulletin of the East
UDC 378:37. 06
Z.S. DAUTOVA, B.S. TANTYBAYEVA
S. Amanzholov East Kazakhstan State University, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan
ORGANIZATION OF STUDENTS’ INDEPENDENT
WORK OF THE FACULTY OF DISTANCE LEARNING
The main task of higher education is the formation of a creative personality of spe-
cialist, who can be able to self-development, self-education, innovation activities. There are
the following types of independent work of students of distance learning Department: virtual
laboratory work, independent work in the audience, homework, home reading, etc. Broad op-
portunities in independent work on the training material are possible with the use of computers
and the Internet.
Keywords: Independent work of students, of distance learning, the reform of higher
education, cognitive activity, formation of skills.
ҚАШЫҚТЫҚТАН ОҚЫТУ ФАКУЛЬТЕТІНДЕГІ
СТУДЕНТТЕРДІҢ ӨЗІНДІК ЖҰМЫСЫН ҰЙЫМДАСТЫРУ
Жеке тұлғаның шығармашылықты маман ретінде қалыптасуы – жоғары білім
берудің негізгі мақсаты. Ол өзідігінен дамуы, өздігінен білім алуы, инновациялық
әрекеттерге бейім болуы қажет. Қашықтықтан оқыту бөлімі студенттерінің өздігінен
жұмысына виртуалды зертханалық жұмыс, үй жұмысы, аудиториялық жұмыс, үйде
оқу т.б. түрлерін жатқызуға болады. Өздік жұмыстарды оқу материалын орындауда
компьютер мен интернет жүйелерін қолдану кең мүмкіндік береді.
Түйін сөздер: студенттердің өзіндік жұмыстары, қашықтықтан оқыту, жоғары
оқыту реформасы, таным белсенділігі, біліктілікті қалыптастыру.
ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ СТУДЕНТОВ
ФАКУЛЬТЕТА ДИСТАНЦИОННОГО ОБУЧЕНИЯ
Основная задача высшего образования заключается в формировании творческой
личности специалиста, способного к саморазвитию, самообразованию, инновационной
деятельности. Различают следующие виды самостоятельной работы студентов дистан-
ционного отделения виртуальная лабораторная работа, самостоятельная работа в ауди-
тории, домашнее задание, домашнее чтение и др. Широкие возможности в самостоя-
тельной работе над учебным материалом открываются с использованием компьютеров
и сети Интернет.
Ключевые слова: Самостоятельная работа студентов, дистанционного обучения,
реформа высшего образования, познавательная активность, формирование умений.
The main task of higher education is the formation of a creative personality of
specialist, who can be able to self-development, self-education, innovation activities.
The solution of this problem is hardly possible only through the transfer of knowledge
Z.S. DAUTOVA, B.S. TANTYBAYEVA
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Шығыстың аймақтық хабаршысы · Региональный вестник Востока № 3 (63), 2014
in finished form from teacher to student. There is a need to transfer student from a pas-
sive consumer of knowledge in an active creator of this knowledge, who can formulate
the problem, analyze the ways of its solution, find the best result and prove the correct-
ness. The ongoing reform of higher education connected in essence with the transition
from a paradigm of learning to a paradigm of education. In this regard it is important
to recognize that independent work of students (IWS) is not just an important form of
educational process, but should become its basis.
Firstly there is a need to clearly determine what independent work of students
is. In General case this is any activity related to the upbringing of thinking of a future
professional. Any kind of activity, creating the conditions for the emergence of inde-
pendent thought, of cognitive activity of the student is associated with independent
work. In a broad sense, the independent work shall mean the aggregate of all indepen-
dent activity of the students in the classroom and outside, in contact with a teacher and
in the case of his/her absence.
Independent work can be realized directly in the process of class hours - lectures,
practical and seminar classes, at performance of laboratory works. Independent work
can be carried out in contact with a teacher outside of schedule - in consultation for
academic questions, in the course of the creative contacts etc. Independent work with-
out direct contact with a teacher means a student’s work in the library, at home, in a
Dorm, in the Department.
The lines between these types of works are blurred, and types of independent
work intersect. Nevertheless, looking at issues of independent work of students, usu-
ally have in mind mainly out-of-class work.
The content of the extra-curricular independent work is determined in accor-
dance with the recommended types of tasks according to the working program of the
discipline. Distribution of the volume of time on out-of-class independent work in the
student’s mode of the day is not regulated by the schedule.
Continuity of disciplines is very low despite the availability of a con-
tinuous training programme. The knowledge of the students has a bad per-
sistence. It is especially dangerous for disciplines providing basic training.
Half of the student’s study time is allocated for out-of-class work according to educa-
tional standards, this norm in many cases is not maintained. The number and volume
of tasks for independent work and the number of control measures of discipline is
defined by the teacher and by the Department in many cases based on the principle of
«the more, the better».
Types of tasks for extracurricular independent work, their content and nature
can be variable and have differentiated nature. These types can take into account the
specificity of the specialty and individual peculiarities of students.
Types of independent work of students can be divided into several groups ac-
cording to the target feature:
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Regional Bulletin of the East
– For the acquisition of knowledge: different types of work with text, work with
dictionaries, reference books, introduction of regulations, research, use of audio and
video, work with Internet resources;
– For the consolidation and systematization of knowledge: work with the syl-
labus of lectures, work on educational material; compilation albums, diagrams, tables,
puzzles, crosswords for systematization of educational material; performance of tests;
answers to questions; annotation, abstracting and reviewing the text; essays, letters,
thoughts, writings; preparation of messages to speak at a seminar, conference; prepara-
tion of papers, reports; preparation of a Glossary, and a crossword puzzle or a bibliog-
raphy on a specific topic; work with computer programs; preparation for the exam;
– For skills: the decision of tasks and exercises; implementation of drawings,
diagrams; situational production tasks; preparation for business games; participation
in scientific and practical conferences; publication of Newspapers, the organization
of exhibitions; design and simulation of different types and components of profes-
sional activity; creation of learning materials, designs, patterns; preparation of leaflets,
recommendations, councils; experimental work; reflexive analysis skills with the use
of audio- video equipment, computer settlement programs and electronic workshops;
preparation of term papers and degree works;
– For self-assessment: preparation of an informational message; writing the ab-
stracts, essays, reviews, annotations; preparation of the reference notes, Glossary, the
summary table on the topic; drafting and solving cases; drawing up schemes, illustra-
tions, graphs, charts, crosswords on the topic and replies to them; creating presenta-
tions.
Instructional materials for independent work of students of the evening remote
branch of the faculty methodically organized in such a way to compensate for the lack
of contact with teacher and, consequently, give them control functions of independent
work of students. A set of tasks should ensure the possibility of individual choice and
to determine the amount of material, required for the achievement of educational ob-
jectives. Task, intended for independent work, should be active and creative, to stimu-
late the search for independent decisions. Mastering of the methods of independent
work is the obligatory condition for the development of skills of self-education.
There are the following types of independent work of students of distance learn-
ing Department: virtual laboratory work, independent work in the audience, home-
work, home reading, etc. Broad opportunities in independent work on the training
material are possible with the use of computers and the Internet. Their use in the in-
dependent work of the students of the distance learning Department allows, firstly, to
expand the information base of students; secondly, to increase their activity; thirdly,
to develop their ability to analyze and generalize, improve connectedness, the breadth
and depth of thinking; fourthly, facilitate the assimilation of abstract material, present
it in the form of concrete images; fifthly, to accustom students to precision, accuracy,
consistency and, finally, to develop independence. Orientation of the educational pro-
Z.S. DAUTOVA, B.S. TANTYBAYEVA
33
Шығыстың аймақтық хабаршысы · Региональный вестник Востока № 3 (63), 2014
cess in high school to work independently and to improve its effectiveness suggests:
1) an increase in the hours of the self-education of students; 2) organization of regular
consultations, the issuance of sets of tasks for independent work in advance or phases;
3) creation of educational-methodical and technical base of the University (textbooks,
educational and methodological manuals, computer classes, etc.), which can allow
students to master the discipline; 4) development of systems of distance and open edu-
cation; 5) availability of laboratories and audiences for independent work of students
of distance learning Department.
While designing tasks for independent work of students of distance learning
Department teachers should be guided by the requirement of their discipline in accor-
dance with the specialty of the student. This allows us to formulate a number of clear
requirements for the professional orientation of the discipline at the University:
1) the selection and presentation of the material must ensure the goals, set out in
the Qualification characterization, and understanding of the importance of this disci-
pline for the future profession;
2) material tasks should be aware and serve as a means of developing generic
skills;
3) in the theoretical part of any discipline should be allocated the fundamental
core of the knowledge. Identification and demonstration of the multiple links between
the «cores» will help to create in the minds of students scientific picture of the world
and modern methodology of knowledge;
4) in the preparation of tasks and assignments teachers should formulate their
content in the context of specialty, as well as teach students form a mental model of
the object and justify the choice of the design scheme.
Independent work of students, performed at the out-of-class lessons on course
topics in accordance with the educational thematic plan, is an integral part of all ele-
ments of the process of learning. This means that independent work of students of
distance learning Department should be carefully planned and should be provided
by educational-material resources and by methodological guidance. Essential for the
proper organization of independent work of students is rational arrangement of all
preparatory work, anticipating performance of students in the educational tasks on
their own. Therefore, the organization of independent work of students of the evening
remote branch does not reduce the leadership role of the teacher. Proper organization
of independent mental health requires the teacher to introduce students of distance
learning Department with the topics of the course, designed for self-study, to advice
the application of rational methods of acquiring knowledge, to recommend use of ap-
propriate basic and additional literature.
Modern textbooks on discipline, accessing Dictionaries provide enough oppor-
tunities for independent work of students. At the same time self-study of disciplines
need some system that facilitates the process of self-mastery. In the process of self-
study students are advised to:
NATURAL SCIENCES AND MEDICINE
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№ 3 (63), 2014
Regional Bulletin of the East
1) understand the conceptual-categorial apparatus (the main public and private
notions that describe the investigated phenomena);
2) accurately classify the investigated phenomena, and to identify the dependen-
cies between them;
3) summarize and present these dependencies in the most rational for perception
form.
REFERENCES
1. Tuimebayev Zh.K., Education and science. Encyclopedic dictionary. Almaty, 2008,
448 (in Russ).
2. Nurmukhambetova T.R., Conditions of the effectiveness of independent work of stu-
dents. Improving the educational process in pedagogical education. Materials of the scientific
conference. Almaty, 1990, 58-62 (in Russ).
3. Belyaev A., Management of independent work of students. Higher education in Rus-
sia. 2003, №6. 105-109 (in Russ).
4. Kovalevsky I.G., Organization of independent work of students. Higher education in
Russia. 2000, 1, 114-115 (in Russ).
5. Larionova G., Organization of independent work of students. Pedagogy. 2003, 4107-
109 (in Russ).
УДК 597.08
С.М. АНУАРБЕКОВ, О.И. КИРИЧЕНКО, С.Н. САГИЕВ
Алтайский филиал «Казахский научно-исследовательский институт рыбного хозяйства»
г. Усть-Каменогорск, Казахстан
МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ЩУКИ ОБЫКНОВЕННОЙ
ESOX LUCIUS БУХТАРМИНСКОГО ВОДОХРАНИЛИЩА
В данной статье приведены биология и морфологическая характеристика щуки.
Дан анализ современного состояния популяции щуки, ее влияние на ихтиоценоз Бух-
тарминского водохранилища.
Ключевые слова: ихтиология, рыба, популяция, щука, водохранилище, темп ро-
ста, биологические показатели.
БҰҚТЫРМА СУҚОЙМАСЫНДАҒЫ КӘДІМГІ ШОРТАННЫҢ
ESOX LUCIUS МОРФОЛОГИЯЛЫҚ СИПАТТАМАСЫ
Бұл мақалада шортанның биологиялық және морфологиялық сипаттамасы
беріледі. Шортан жеке түрінің қазіргі жағдайы және оның Бұқтырма суқоймасының их-
тиоценозына тигізетін әсерінің сараптамасы беріледі.
Түйін сөздер: ихтиология, балық, жеке түр, шортан, суқойма, өсу екпіні,
биологиялық көрсеткіштер.
С.М. АНУАРБЕКОВ, О.И. КИРИЧЕНКО, С.Н. САГИЕВ
35
Шығыстың аймақтық хабаршысы · Региональный вестник Востока № 3 (63), 2014
ЕСТЕСТВЕННЫЕ НАУКИ И МЕДИцИНА
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COMMON PIKE
ESOX LUCIUS BUKHTARMA RESERVOIR
This article describes the biology and morphological characteristics of pike. The analy-
sis of the current state of the pike population, its impact on the fish community Bukhtarma
reservoir.
Keywords: ichthyology, fish, population, pike, reservoir, rate of growth, biological in-
dicators.
Водный фонд Восточного Казахстана богат и разнообразен. Это большие
и малые реки, пруды, озера,водохранилища. В рыбохозяйственном отношении
именно водохранилища имеют для региона исключительно важное значение,
поэтому особое внимание мы уделяем ихтиофауне этой категории водоемов.
В результате троекратного перекрытия стока реки Иртыш в верхнем его
течении образовано три водохранилища: Бухтарминское, Усть-Каменогорское
и Шульбинское. Каждое перекрытие русла вносило свои коррективы в сложив-
шиеся экосистемы. В настоящее время жизнедеятельность гидробионтов в этих
водоемах зависит не только от режима эксплуатации их вод по проектному пред-
назначению, но и от взаимовлияния одного водоема в каскаде на другой (терми-
ческий, уровенный режимы, перенос токсикантов, попутная акклиматизация).
Процесс формирования экосистем в этих водохранилищах продолжается.
Бухтарминское водохранилище образовано в результате перекрытия р. Ир-
тыш (1960 г.) в сужении горной долины в 12 км ниже впадения р. Бухтарма. Его
параметры при сегодняшнем наполнении составляют: площадь – 1500 км
2
, объем
– 23,24 км
3
, протяженность по спрямленному фарватеру – 240 км, глубина – 70
м. Водохранилище вытянуто в широтном направлении между 83 и 84
0
восточной
долготы и 40
0
50′ - 49
0
40′ северной широты. Оно пересекает три климатические
зоны: лесостепную, степную и пустынно-степную. Климат этих зон резко кон-
тинентальный: в зимний период температура воздуха опускается до 45-50
0
ниже
нуля, летом в отдельных случаях поднимается до 40
0
выше нуля. Количество
осадков по годам и отдельным районам колеблется от 250 до 560 мм.
Основной цвет щуки серо-зеленоватый, серо-желтоватый или серо-бурый;
спина темнее, бока светлее. Бока покрыты крупными пятнами бурого, оливково-
го или черноватого цвета, иногда располагающимися в более или менее правиль-
ные поперечные полосы; эти пятна иногда разбросаны так густо, что основная
светлая окраска из-за них проявляется только местами в виде светлых пятен или
линий. Спинной, анальный и хвостовой плавники желтовато-серые и с больши-
ми бурыми или черноватыми пятнами, располагающимися в более или менее
правильные ряды [1].
Щеки у щуки совершенно покрыты чешуей, крышечная кость – лишь в
верхней части. Боковая линия иногда прерывистая, особенно у молодых.
36
№ 3 (63), 2014
Regional Bulletin of the East
Таблица 1 – Морфологическая характеристика обыкновенной щуки, %
Признаки
Показатели
М
m
ст.откл.
С
min
max
ab
561,0
3,69
16,52
2,94
550
580
ас
491,0
7,69
34,39
7,00
460
528
аd
535,7
5,13
22,94
4,28
520
562
меристические признаки
лучей в D
17,3
0,13
0,58
3,33
17
18
лучей в А
14,3
0,34
1,53
10,66
13
16
лучей в Р
11,0
0,00
0,00
0,00
11
11
лучей в V
14,3
0,13
0,58
4,03
14
15
пластические признаки в % к абсолютной длине тела
ао
25,55
0,21
0,96
3,75
24,53
26,43
аn
10,61
0,18
0,82
7,70
9,76
11,39
np
3,11
0,07
0,30
9,71
2,78
3,37
aw
11,44
0,21
0,95
8,33
10,89
12,54
po
11,41
0,13
0,60
5,28
10,73
11,87
tm
10,96
0,15
0,65
5,98
10,32
11,63
ширина го-
ловы
6,93
0,05
0,21
3,05
6,69
7,07
gh
17,58
0,29
1,28
7,31
16,37
18,93
ik
6,48
0,06
0,26
4,04
6,3
6,78
толщина
тела
7,06
0,13
0,59
8,32
6,4
7,52
аq
61,47
0,96
4,27
6,95
57
65,52
sd
10,34
0,20
0,90
8,72
9,47
11,27
ay
69,50
0,28
1,26
1,81
68,18
70,69
az
21,76
0,31
1,41
6,47
20,18
22,88
qs
11,44
0,32
1,41
12,33
9,83
12,45
fd
10,59
0,33
1,49
14,11
8,88
11,63
qu
9,77
0,08
0,38
3,88
9,33
10,01
уу1
7,93
0,10
0,46
5,84
7,53
8,44
С.М. АНУАРБЕКОВ, О.И. КИРИЧЕНКО, С.Н. САГИЕВ
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Шығыстың аймақтық хабаршысы · Региональный вестник Востока № 3 (63), 2014
yj
9,25
0,12
0,54
5,80
8,64
9,64
vv1
9,04
0,09
0,40
4,47
8,69
9,48
zz1
10,45
0,58
2,59
24,77
7,51
12,38
zу
46,78
0,62
2,76
5,89
43,64
48,79
в % к длине головы
аn
41,48
0,37
1,64
3,95
39,77
43,04
np
12,18
0,27
1,19
9,75
10,82
13
po
44,65
0,31
1,37
3,08
43,75
46,23
ширина го-
ловы
27,12
0,11
0,50
1,85
26,57
27,55
aw
46,29
0,46
2,04
4,40
44,4
48,45
tm
42,98
0,78
3,48
8,09
38,98
45,31
ab – длина всей рыбы; ас – длина по Смитту; аd – длина без С; аn – длина рыла; np –
диаметр глаза (горизонтальный); aw – длина верхней челюстной кости; po – заглазнич-
ный отдел головы; ао – длина головы; tm – высота головы у затылка; gh – наибольшая
высота тела; ik – наименьшая высота тела; аq – антедорсальное расстояние; sd, – пост-
дорсальное расстояние; ay – антеанальное расстояние; az – антивентральное расстоя-
ние; fd – длина хвостового стебля; qs – длина основания D; qu – наибольшая высота
D; уу
1
– длина основания А; yj – наибольшая высота А; vv1 – длина Р; zz
1
– длина V;
zу – расстояние между V и A.
Морфологические измерения взяты у 10 экземпляров рыб по 35 меристи-
ческим и пластическим признакам.
Меристические признаки: лучи в спинном плавнике D 17-18, в среднем
17,3; лучи в анальном плавнике А 13-16, в среднем 14,3; лучи в грудном плавни-
ке Р 11; лучи в брюшном плавнике V 14-15, в среднем 14,3.
Пределы вариации морфологических признаков этого вида в различ-
ных экологических условиях его обитания порою могут быть значительны [2].
Пластические признаки: длина головы составляет к абсолютной длине тела от
24,53% до 26,43%, в среднем 25,55%. Высота головы у затылка в среднем от аб-
солютной длины тела 11,41%. У обыкновенной щуки средние значения высоты
тела составляют: наибольшая высота – 17,58%, а наименьшая высота – 6,48%.
В отношении длины тела антедорсальное расстояние в среднем равно – 61,47%,
постдорсальное – 10,34%, а длина хвостового стебля – 10,59%.
Длина основания спинного плавника (11,44) больше его высоты (9,77).
Основание анального плавника меньше его высоты.
Грудной плавник несколько меньше чем брюшной и соответственно равен
– 9,04% от длины тела, против – 10,45% у брюшного плавника. Расстояние меж-
ду грудным и брюшным плавниками больше, чем между брюшным и анальным,
соответственно – 43,64% и 48,73%.
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