Xxii республикалық студенттер мен жас ғалымдардың ғылыми конференция материалдары

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express both a positive and a negative assessment. There are narrative, incentive and 
interrogative sentences. Exclamation sentences are not found among them. Proverbs with the 
structure of a complex sentence are most common in the English language, and compound and 
non-union sentences are also found. The main lexical visual means are repetitions and 
comparisons. Euphonic means (rhymed harmonies, alliteration and assonance) are the most 
important expressive means that contribute to the stability and memorization of proverbs and 
closely interact with their meaning. 
Sayings are communicative phraseological units of a non-logical character, including 
various structural and semantic types of stable figurative combinations of words. Sayings are 
narrative, incentive, exclamatory and interrogative sentences. Functionally, they are not 
characterized by a directive, edifyingly evaluative function, and sayings are characterized by a 
lower degree of abstraction. Most sayings are conversational. Of euphonic pictorial means, only 
alliteration is found in them. 
The cumulative function of the language provides the accumulation of background 
knowledge, that is, extra linguistic information, knowledge about the surrounding reality, well-
known to the native speakers of this language. Background knowledge includes, along with 
universal and regional knowledge, those national-specific features that all members of a certain 
ethnic and linguistic group possess. 
It is these unique knowledge for each people that make up the cultural component
of the linguistic and speech units in which they are enclosed.
The cultural component of the meaning of the word (phraseologism) is the part of 
semantics that is associated with national culture: the characteristics of history and modernity; 
specific realities, traditions, customs; identity of the economy, psychology and other areas of 
public activity of the people. 
The word is usually distinguished as the basic unit of a language with a cultural 
component: “The word acts as an accumulator, the custodian of human experience ...”; “If we 
have the right to speak of a national-cultural component, then it should be sought, first of all, in 
vocabulary.” 
The second type of units with the national-cultural component of the language are 
phraseological units. Being more complex elements and possessing complex semantics, 
phraseological units require special attention and a specific approach to identifying the unique 
linguistic and extralinguistic information contained in them. Following the topic of this work, it 
is necessary to specify the scope of the study and choose not the whole array of English 
phraseology as the object of study, but only the so-called communicative units, that is, proverbs 
and sayings. Undoubtedly, these peculiar phraseological units carry a wealth of material, in some 
aspects not characteristic of any other units of language and speech. 
Thus, the most striking feature that distinguishes proverbs and sayings from the 
phraseological foundation of a particular language is that they are more than other phraseological 
units endowed with national flavor. This feature is due to the fact that they are the hierarchically 
most complex phraseological units and, therefore, are able to carry not only objective logical and 
phraseological meanings - in their form are reflected both universal human values and some 
specific features of the ethnocultural appearance of a people, including the UK. English proverbs 
are a valuable linguistic heritage, which displays the vision of the world, national culture, 
traditions and customs, beliefs, fantasies and prejudices, historical and everyday everyday 
realities. 
Among the aspects of phraseological units of the English language, in which a reflection 
of the national character of the English is traced, the following aspects can be distinguished in 
the nature of English proverbs and sayings, as well as in the peculiarities of the mentality of 
representatives of the English nation, which make communicative phraseological units a unique 
treasury of realities of English reality: 
1.Being important components of the phraseological foundation, proverbs and sayings 
greatly replenish the overall linguistic picture of the English-speaking world. They recorded and 

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stored, transmitted from generation to generation, a rather large share of information about the 
surrounding reality, and some facts, events and realities that formed the basis of a proverb 
(sayings) are not reflected in the lexical system of the English language. 
In this aspect, the national specificity of English communicative phraseological units is 
quite clearly manifested when they are classified according to certain thematic groups, 
depending on the sphere of society, the peculiarity of which they record: social values and class 
hierarchy, historical facts, labor activity, especially geography, economics, everyday life as well 
as customs, traditions, beliefs and traditions. 
2. The English’s special tendency to use proverbs and sayings in speech suggests that the 
features of these phraseological units, such as metaphorical, expressive, didactic, are impressed 
by the representatives of this nation due to the specifics of the traditional English mentality and 
worldview. Thus, a cultural analysis of English proverbs and sayings also provides direct 
information about the native speakers themselves. Due to the inherent proverbs of didacticism, as 
well as the evaluative nature of sayings, the proverbial foundation is a kind of set of moral 
principles and moral values of the English people: patriotism - there's a place like home; East or 
West, home is best; optimism - never say never; never say die; it is a poor heart that never 
rejoices. honesty - a good conscience is a good pillow; honesty is the best policy; better speak 
truth rudely than lie covertly and many others. An analysis of the relative preference by the 
British of certain thematic groups of proverbs and sayings also reveals the relevant ethical 
priorities of a given society, such as education, competence - it is never too late to learn; money 
spent on brain is never spent in vain; practice makes perfect; business before pleasure; good 
breeding, restraint - all doors open to courtesy. 
3. The criteria for the formation and selection of communicative phraseological units in 
the formation of the English proverbial foundation also appear to be nationally determined. in 
order to transfer from an oral tradition to a nationwide fund, and even more so in the case of 
borrowing, a proverb or proverb had to fully comply with the requirements established by the 
English people (laconicism, rhythm, instructiveness, memorability). As you know, proverbs and 
sayings occur most often in the bowels of folklore during the cognitive linguistic activity of 
members of a given linguistic collective, motivated on a figurative and symbolic basis. It is this 
activity that reflects a certain level and features of the material culture of one or another people: 
national phraseological units appear as a result of the need to find verbal expression for certain 
events, situations, facts, realities. So, the proverb “good wine needs” for a bush could appear 
only in English, since the motivating element of the internal form of this phraseology (bush) 
hides a unique country-history fact from the history of Great Britain, and is understandable only 
to those who are aware of the ancient tradition of English innkeepers to hang a branch ivy as a 
sign that they have wine. In the same way, the proverb school keeper experience keeps a dear 
school acquires special meaning only in view of the fact that it reflects the existing system of 
private schools in the British Isles, the tuition fees of which were prohibitive. 
4. The system of images and symbols used in proverbs and sayings when designating 
phenomena and situations that are similar for different peoples has indisputable national 
specificity. This is the most striking example of ethnic identity, when one and the same object or 
phenomenon receives different linguistic design from different peoples due to the national 
characteristics of their life and life. For example, when comparing the widespread proverbs and 
sayings of the English and Russian languages, there are differences in concepts that 
representatives of both peoples used to describe their life observations. 
There are many similar comparative examples, since the formation of linguistic imagery 
is always closely connected with the history and culture of native speakers, the specifics of their 
worldview. 
5. Even more informative from the point of view of culture are images and symbols that 
do not contrast in the proverbial funds of different languages, but the so-called lacunary 
phraseological units. In this case, we mean the uniqueness of the denotate, which has become the 
object of a metaphorical rethinking. For example, the meaning and morality of the English 

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proverb in the right church, but in the wrong pew (generally correct, erroneous in details) is quite 
understandable to the native speaker of the Russian language, who has elementary logical 
thinking. The motivating ethnocultural feature here is lacunar for the English-Russian 
comparison: church benches (pews) are an integral part of the interior in Protestant churches, but 
they are absent in Orthodox churches. Specific to the proverbs and sayings in this regard is the 
fact that the referent, motivating the internal context of the proverb or proverb, can be not only a 
certain concept or object, but also events, facts, phenomena and situations of extra-linguistic 
reality that give the national flavor to one or another proverb . 
For instance: 
Adversity 
makes 
strange bedfellows. 
Until the middle of the XVII century, individual beds were extremely 
rare in England, so persons of the same sex slept together. 
Get the hair of the 
dog that bit you.
According to legend, a bundle of dog hair that bit a person can prevent 
infection if applied to a wound. 
What 
will 
Mrs. 
Grundy say?
Mrs. Grundy is a popular English literary character who has become a 
household name for people prone to gossip and gossip. 
I am a Dutchman if 
...
The Dutchman component gives a negative value to the saying, because 
I mean the Anglo-Dutch competition on the seas and the war in the 12th 
century. 
All of the above aspects in the nature of English proverbs and sayings indicate that some 
communicative phraseological units are able to carry a wealth of extra-linguistic information.
By revealing the unique facts contained in national proverbs and sayings, one can 
increase knowledge not only directly about the national English proverbial foundation (linguistic 
aspect), but also about the native speakers of English, about the peculiarities of their mentality, 
about the realities of culture, history, geography, economics , life and many other areas of British 
life. 
At the main stage of the lesson, this proverb can be used as the basis for organizing the 
discussion. 
The use of proverbs and sayings, which most vividly characterize the national peculiarity 
of the people, helps students to become more familiar with the culture of the country of the 
language being studied. 
The content of each proverb and sayings initially reflected a person’s specific 
observations of nature and society, but over time the meaning of proverbs and sayings acquired a 
generalized character. It is these observations that most often need comment, since they reflect 
the history of a particular people. 
For example, in a lesson on the topic “Foreign countries” (a series of lessons on the topic 
“Culture Shock”), the proverb was used for phonetic charging in parallel with the linguistic and 
cultural commentary. 
The old wise English proverb says: “As the people, so the proverb”. This saying fully 
reflects the subject of our investigation. The national proverbs and sayings are based on the 
specifications of the mentality and way of life. 
There are four main origins of the English proverbs and sayings: biblical sources, 
borrowings from other languages (most often Latin), literature and folk. The semantics of 
investigated materials may say more interesting things about national culture.
Analyzing the key words, which are frequently met in the proverbs and sayings, we can 
state that English people highly appreciate home and family, subordination, love and friendship. 
For the residents of the Great Britain home is the best place in the world. The popular 
sayings are follows: “East or West, home is best”, “Home, sweet home” etc. A large amount of 
proverbs demonstrated sentimental and respecting attitude to the home says about the affection 
to the parental home and special feelings to the institution of the family. The similar value 
system we can see in the Russian folklore. 

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However, there are the contradictory examples of the perception of the world by Russian 
and English people. In accordance with the English sayings, one should carefully choose the 
friends: “Books and friends should be few, but good”. In Russia not only the quality, but also the 
quantity of friends is highly appreciated: “Do not have 100 rubles, but have 100 friends”. 
The English people are used to the regime of constitutional monarchy and this cultural 
phenomenon is reflected in the proverbs and sayings. The proverbs about subordination took the 
second place according to the quantity. The specific sayings like “don’t wear out your welcome” 
or “respect is greater from a distance” show the reticence and social withdrawal of English 
people. 

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