(«ПАВЛОДАРЭНЕРГО» АҚ МЫСАЛЫ НЕГІЗІНДЕ) БАҒА БЕРУ
З.М. Сергазинова, Н.Т. Ержанов
Осы мақалада авторлар Павлодар облысындағы өндіріс орындарының табиғатты қорғау
шараларының экологиялық-экономикалық тиімділігіне «Павлодарэнерго» АҚ мысалы негізінде
баға береді.
THE ASSESSMENT OF ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF ENVIRONMENTAL
ACTIVITIES OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES OF PAVLODAR REGION
(ON THE EXAMPLE OF «PAVLODARENERGO»)
S.M. Sergazinova, N.T. Erzhanov
In this article the authors provide an assessment of ecological and economic efficiency of
environmental activities carried out by industrial enterprises of Pavlodar region (on the example of
«PAVLODARENERGO»).
UDK 528.35/.99(574.23)
Е. Petrova, G. Sultangazina
Kostanay State University named after A. Baitursynov, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
THE CURRENT STATE OF THE TREE-SHRUB FLORA IN THE NATIONAL PARK
"BURABAI"
Abstract: The article presents the results of research carried out in the national park "Burabai"
(2010-2015). It was made the analysis of vitality of the tree-shrub flora
.
They are given data on the
composition and systematic structure of the park dendroflora.
Key words: national park, dendroflora, systematic structure, taxonomic composition, vitality
The territory of Kazakhstan is marked by unique landscapes: from deserts to high mountains and
inland seas. Under the conditions of increasing use of natural resources, due to the growing tempo of
economic development of the country it becomes more urgent the further improvement of the territorial
nature protection. The same conditions determine the need for further development of forestry and especially
protected natural territories in the Republic of Kazakhstan as an effective system of conservation of
biological diversity in the state. Floristic investigations are one of the main methods addressing the global
problem of our time – exploration and preservation of biological diversity. For solving this problem it is
necessary to receive data based on science about the present state of the plant cover in general and
dendroflora in particular.
The total world forest area is more than 3.4 billion ha or 27% of the land [1].
According to the State Accounting Timber Fund as of 01. 01. 2010, the total area of forested land in
Kazakhstan occupies 12,293.8 thousand hectares. Forests constitute 4.6%. According to this indicator,
Kazakhstan is a sparsely wooded state.
The State National Nature Park (SNNP) "Burabai" is situated in the forest steppe, where pine and
mixed forests are combined with steppe meadows and meadow steppes. Therefore, the composition of trees
and shrubs is original. Currently, a complex of natural and anthropogenic factors has a decisive impact on the
quantity and area distribution of a large number of plant species. At the same time, on the territory of the
region for a long time it was performed the introduction of woody plants. Therefore, the dendroflora became
quite diverse. For many years the study of woody plants in Kokshetau floristic region is conducted by the
Kazakh Research Institute of Forestry, Schuchinks. Of special note is the productive activities of employees
of the Institute for the study of forest genetic reserves of pine and birch. However, certain types of tree-shrub
flora, particularly half-shrubs, subshrubs and dwarf semi shrubs, were not specifically investigated. Due to
the high practical importance and the insufficient research of dendroflora there is a need in more in-depth
study and comprehensive analysis. The purpose of research is the study of modern species composition of
177
the tree-shrub flora of the Natural Park "Burabai". Materials for this article are based on the research carried
out by us on the territory of the SNNP "Burabai" between 2010 and 2015. The total area of the natural park is
129, 935 ha. Administratively, the territory of the SNNP "Burabai" is located in Burabay and Yenbekshilder
areas of Akmola region. Forests occupy a significant part – 57% of the park territory. [2]
The study of the tree-shrub flora was conducted by route-reconnaissance method in 8 forestries:
Akylbayskoye, Borovskoye, Katarkolskoye, Zolotoborskoye, Mirnoye, Barmashinskoye, Priozernoye and
Bulandinskoye. During hikings were made floristic lists and a herbarium.
The State National Nature Park "Burabay" is located on the territory of Akmola region, in the most
elevated part of the northern margin of Kazakh Hummocks. The mountain relief is represented mostly in the
western part. Here there is the Kokshetau mountain range in the form of the arc, which is bounded by large
lakes on all sides. In the northern part it reaches the maximum height. The top of the mountain uplift is
Mount Kokshetau (Sinyukha) which reaches a height of 947. 6 meters above sea level. Further to the south,
there is Mount Burabay (690.0 m.a.s.l and Mount Zheke-Batir (826.2 m.a.s.l.) In the southern part of the
mountain chain the height of the mountains goes down to 400-500 m.a.s.l. The large lakes such as
Borovoye, Shchuchye, Small and Large Chebachye, Maybalyk and Katarkol are situated in its territory.
The climate in this area is sharply continental, with hot summers and hard and dry winters. The
annual precipitation is 250-295 millimeters in the lowland, up to 400 mm in the hilly part. The stable period
with average daily temperatures higher than 5 °C lasts from late April to early October. The average
temperature in June is 18- 20 °C, maximum 38- 40 °C. The average temperature in January is –17-18 °C, the
absolute maximum –30 °C. The average degree of air saturation is 50%.
Soils and soil cover is characterized by considerable heterogeneity, due to the strong roughness of
the relief, a variety of parent rock materials, the differences in climate and vegetation. In the belt of plains
and nipples (at the 280- 400 m elevation) they point out medium-humic and southern low-humic black soils.
In the mountain-forest zone (400-700 m) are formed the following major soil types: pine forest primitive
petromorphous, pine forest forest petromorphous, pine forest soddy petromorphous, gray forest, meadow-
forest, meadow-black soil, ordinary and thin black soils, flood meadows, peaty marsh. Steppe areas form
complexes with birch groves on gray forest soils and solods [3].
The area of the park is characterized by a high level of biodiversity, which is determined by a
number of objective reasons: the great variety of environmental, climatic and other conditions, the genesis of
the flora and vegetation, the situation on the border of two climatic zones: steppe and forest-steppe,
landscape features. All this gives the specificity and originality to the flora of the region. The predominant
forest formations are Pinus silvestris L.,Betula verrucosa Ehrh., Betula pubescens Ehrn., and Populus
tremula L.
The tree-shrub flora of the State National Natural Park "Burabai" is represented by 94 species of
woody plants. They belong to 30 families, 53 genera and 2 divisions: PINOPHYTA, MAGNOLIOPHYTA.
In general, the flora of the Natural Park counts 644 species [4]. The dendroflora is 14.6% of the total flora of
the park. The most numerous class is MAGNOLIOPSIDA, it occupies 91.5%, the most numerically small is
the class EPHEDROPSIDA, it takes only 1.06% of the total arboriflora, the proportion of PINOPSIDA is
5.3%. According to the number of genera and species they distinguish the following families: Rosaceae;
Salicaceae; Grossulariaceae (Tab. 1).
Table 1 – Systematic structure of the dendroflora of the SNNP "Burabai"
№
T
he f
a
m
il
y
N
umber
o
f
gen
era
% O
f t
o
tal
gen
era
N
umber
o
f
spec
ies
% O
f t
o
tal
spec
ies
№
T
he f
a
m
il
y
N
umber
o
f
gen
era
% O
f t
o
tal
gen
era
N
umber
o
f
spec
ies
% O
f t
o
tal
spec
ies
1
Rosaceae
13
24
20
21.3
16
Ulmaceae
1
1.9
3
3.2
2
Salicaceae
2
3.8
12
12.8
17
Berberidaceae
1
1.9
2
2.1
3
Grossulariaceae
2
3.8
6
6.4
18
Nitrariacea
1
1.9
2
2.1
4
Betulaceae
2
3.8
3
3.2
19
Rhamnaceae
1
1.9
2
2.1
5
Caprifoliaceae
2
3.8
3
3.2
20
Solanaceae
1
1.9
2
2.1
6
Cupressaceae
2
3.8
3
3.2
21
Boraginaceae
1
1.9
1
1.06
7
Elaeagnaceae
2
3.8
3
3.2
22
Brassicaceae
1
1.9
1
1.06
8
Fabaceae
2
3.8
3
3.2
23
Celastraceae
1
1.9
1
1.06
178
9
Chenopodiaceae
2
3.8
2
2.1
24
Cornaceae
1
1.9
1
1.06
10
Pinaceae
2
3.8
2
2.1
25
Ephedraceae
1
1.9
1
1.06
11
Pyrolaceae
2
3.8
2
2.1
26
Frankeniaceae
1
1.9
1
1.06
12
Еriсасеае
2
3.8
2
2.1
27
Polygonaceae
1
1.9
1
1.06
13
Asteraceae
1
1.9
5
5.4
28
Sambucaceae
1
1.9
1
1.06
14
Lamiaceae
1
1.9
4
4.3
29
Tiliaceae
1
1.9
1
1.06
15
Aceraceae
1
1.9
3
3.2
30
Viburnaceae
1
1.9
1
1.06
Total:
53
100
94
100
The dominated families are: Rosaceae and Salicaceae. The family Rosaceae takes the first place
with the number of genera in a family (13 species). It is polymorphic and has a great diversity of life forms.
Among the most numerous family the genus Rosa, widely represented in the steppe communities,
occupies a leading position. There are the following types of this genus: Rosa acicularis Lindl., R. laxa
Retz., R. majalis Herrm., R. spinosissima L.
Among the genera Salix differentiates itself from others for the number of species. Representatives
of this genus are: Populus balsamifera L., P. alba L., P. tremula L., Salix acutifolia Willd., S. alba L., S.
bebbiana Sarg., S. caprea L., S. caspica Pall., S. cinerea L., S. lapponum L., S. pentandra L., S.
rosmarinifolia L.
The most diverse species composition of trees and shrubs is in Borovoye and Barmashinskoye
forestries. In Barmashinskoye forestry they grow 59.6%, in Borovoye – 55.3% of all species of trees and
shrubs (Tab. 2). The main tree species on the territory of the above mentioned forestries, as well as in the
entire National Park, are Pinus sylvestris L., Betula pendula Roth., B. pubescens Ehrh. The prevailing
species are: Cerasus tomentosa (Thunb.) Wall., C. fruticosa (Pall.) G. Woron, Padus avium Mill., Malus
baccata (L.) Borkh. and M. domestica Borkh.
Table 2 – Species diversity of trees and shrubs in the forestries of the SNNP "Burabai"
Names of forestries Number of species Names of forestries Number of species
Akylbayskoye
41
Mirnoie
39
Borovskoye
52
Barmashinskoe
56
Katarkolskoye
33
Priozernoye
38
Zolotoborskoye
32
Bulandinskoe
33
The lowest number of species of the park dendroflora is represented in Zolotoborskoye (34%),
Katarkolskoye (40.4%) and Bulandinskoye (40.4%) forest areas. Here there are such trees and shrubs as
Orthilia secunda (L.) House., Populus tremula L., Ribes nigrum L., Rosa acicularis Lindl., Sorbus sibirica
Hedl. In the territory of Akylbayskoye forestry there are 43.6% of all arboriflora, while in Mirnoye and
Priozernoye forestries this figure is 41.5% and 40.4%, respectively. In the territories of these forestries they
find the species of the genus Acer, Rosa and Salix. The ratio of the number of species and genera in the flora
may be an indicator of allochthonous and autochthonous trends in the flora development. The more is the
average number of species in the genus, the more intense are autochthonous processes in the development of
the flora, the lower is this index, the greater is the role of species migrations in the florogenesis [5].
It was shown by L. Malyshev that the ratio of number of species and genera is determined by the
curvilinear relation [6]. Therefore, he proposed a more accurate indicator to estimate the ratio of
autochthonous and allochthonous trends in the process of florogenesis. The indicator of the flora autonomy
(A) is the relative difference between the actual (S) and calculated (S1) number of species.
In this case, the estimated number of species is determined by empirical quadratic equation:
S1=314,1+0,0045383×G
2
, where G is the number of genera in flora
Hence, S1=314,1+0,0045383×(30)
2
=318,18447; А= –224,18447
The negative value of the autonomy indicator obtained in the study of flora in the SNNP "Burabai"
gives evidence of the predominance of allochthonous trends in the development of dendroflora and great role
of species migration.
In most biological studies to assess the differentiation of plants is used the concept of "vitality" [7-8].
The vitality of the plant body changes during its individual development. Individuals that are identical in
terms of age, are often different by vitality and the mass of vegetative and generative organs, kidney power,
179
so they have different prospects for further development, i.e. their vitality is different. Regular change in
vitality of individuals in ontogenesis leads to the fact that the signs of age state can serve as a diagnostic for
graduations of vitality [9]. In the context of the urban environment under the influence of anthropogenic
pollutants, transport and recreational loads the vitality of plants can vary significantly. The impact of
anthropogenic pollution on a plant is a complex phenomenon affecting, primarily, biochemical and
physiological processes and destroying the ultrastructure of plant cells. As the destruction of intracellular
structures begins, they appear outside, visually observable damages in the assimilation organs and other parts
of plants. The impact of the pollutant on the plant depends not only on its concentration and duration of
action, but also on species and stage of ontogeny of plants, tolerance to pollutants, the season and the state of
environment (temperature, humidity, air and soil, light conditions, wind, etc.) [10].
The vitality (V) of woody plants in the national park was estimated by us visually on a E. Andreeva
5-point scale [11].
Following this method for the trees belonging to a particular category of vitality, they were given a
point: healthy – 1.0; damaged – 0.7; severely damaged – 0.4; obsolescent – 0.1; fresh and old dead wood - 0.
The calculation for the index of the stand status is made by the formula:
??????
??????
=
??????
1
+0,7??????
2
+0,3??????
3
+0,1??????
4
n
, where l
n
= vitality index of the stand for the number of trees, n
1
- number
of healthy, n
2
- damaged, n
3
- severely damaged, n
4
- obsolescent trees; n - total number of trees (including
dead wood) on the growth plot; 0.7; 0.4 and 0.1 – the points of injured, severely damaged and dying trees.
When the index is from 1.0 to 0.8 the vitality of the stand is assessed as "healthy", at 0.79-0.5 the
stand is considered as "damaged", at 0.49-0.2 – "severely damaged", and at 0.19 and below – "destroyed" or
"fully degraded."
In Katarkolskoye forestry according to the data obtained in the evaluation of the vitality of woody
plants, were defined the indexes of the vitality. Figure 1 shows that more than 30% of trees and shrubs
species come through all stages of the development, vegetate well and bear fruit. 67% of the species have
damages of the crown and trunk, and 1 species (1.1%) – Betula pendula Roth. has the significant
deformation of the trunk due to the appearance of neoplasms – injuries, tumors. In Priozernoye,
Zolotoborskoye, Mirnoye, Barmashinskoye, Bulandinskoye forestries the majority of trees and shrubs are
classified as "damaged" having external symptoms of damage of the crown and trunk.
Figure 1 - The vitality of woody plants in the forestries of the SNNP "Burabai"
The overall condition of trees and shrubs in proved forestries of the SNNP "Burabai" is satisfactory.
However, 67.2% of woody plants show the first signs of quality declining on vitality. In this connection, it is
recommended to carry out care actions, to reduce as possible the impact of negative factors.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Priozernoye
Zolotoborsk…
Mirnoye
Barmashins…
Bulandinskoye
Katarkolskoye
Akylbayskoye
Borovskoye
32%
29%
46%
36%
46%
32%
13%
10%
54%
56%
48%
50%
48%
67%
57%
63%
13%
13%
6%
11%
6%
1%
28%
23%
1%
2%
3%
2%
4%
In from 1.0 to 0.8
In from 0.79 to 0.5
In from 0.49 to 0.2
In from 0.19 and lower
180
References
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2. Zhylkybaev K. Chronicle of nature of the SNNP "Burabai"/ K. Zhylkybaev [et al.]. – Burabai, 2010. –
101 p.
3. Bobrovnik, V. Soil surface of forestless valley-hill covering on the Kokchetav highland / V. Bobrovnik,
R. Whitman. – Koksh.: Kazakh Research Institute of Forestry and agroforestry, 1975. – T. IX. – P. 31-41.
4. Sultangazina, G. Flora of the National Park "Burabai" / G. Sultangazina [et al.]. – Novosib.: Publishing
House of SB RAS, 2014. – 242c.
5. Tolmachev, A. An introduction to the geography of plants / A. Tolmachev. – L .: Publishing House of
Leningrad. University Press, 1974. – 244 p.
6. Malyshev, L. The dependence of the floristic richness of the external conditions and historical factors / L.
Malyshev // Bot. J. – 1969. – № 8 (54). – P. 1137-1147
7. Vorontsova, L. The vitality of individuals in cenopopulations / L. Vorontsova, L. Gattsuk, I. Ermakova. –
M .: Nauka, 1976. P. 44-61.
8. Zlobin, Y. Principles and methods of studying cenopopulations of plants / Y. Zlobin. – Kazan: Publishing
House of the Kazakh State University, 1989. – 146 p.
9. Kozhevnikova, N. Biology and ecology of the Tien Shan fir (cenopopulation analysis) / N. Kozhevnikova.
– Frunze, 1982. – 240 p.
10. Goryshin, T. Plants in the city / T. Goryshin. – L .: Len. University Press, 1991. – 231 p.
11. Andreeva, E. Methods of study of forest communities / E. Andreeva. – St.Pb .: St. Petersburg State
University, 2002. – 240 p.
12. Yakubov, H. Ecological monitoring of green space in Moscow / H. Yakubov – M .: Stagirite-H, 2005. –
264 p.
СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ДРЕВЕСНО-КУСТАРНИКОВОЙ ФЛОРЫ «БУРАБАЙ»
Е.Ю. Петрова, Г.Ж. Султангазина
В статье приведены результаты исследования дендрофлоры Государственного
национального природного парка «Бурабай». Рассматривается анализ жизненного и
эстетического состояния древесно-кустарниковой флоры. Приводятся сведения о составе и
систематической структуре арборифлоры парка. Материалы получены в результате полевых
исследований (2010-204 гг.), учтены литературные данные.
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