Право и государство law and state қҰҚЫҚ және мемлекет
V. Belykh: Freemasonry: history, state and law
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- Бұл бет үшін навигация:
- MAGNA CARTA – AS THE CONCEPTUAL PREDECESSOR
- ThE GREAT ChARTER AS AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN ThE KING AND BARONS
- ThE GREAT ChARTER ABOUT RIGhTS AND FREEDOMS OF ThE PERSON AND ABOUT jUSTICE
- УчЕНЫЙ-ПРАВОВЕД, ПЕДАГОГ
V. Belykh: Freemasonry: history, state and law. The article describes the milestones of Freemasonry historical development in Europe, England, and Russia. The author points out that the history of Freemasonry is closely connected with the state, religion and law, and numerous publications eloquently speak about this fact. The association of free-stone-masons was a guild (companies of mason), built on purely professional and craft basis. Then there was a formation period of the socalled masons-thinkers. Mason crafts represented the homogeneous mass of people – brothers in construction industry. Later, their movement was transformed, the lines of masons were fueled by representatives of other professions. On the other hand, representatives of the privileged class and titled people felt themselves very comfortable as part of Masonry lodges. Against this background according to the author’s opinion the Freemasonry leaders separated from the ordinary members – the masons. The masons liked the power and joined the structures of public administration in many countries of the world. Keywords: association of free-stone-masons, masons-philosophers, Freemasonry and religion, Crusaders movement, levels and grades of Freemasonry, attributes and religious practices of Freemasonry, modern Freemasonry and government agencies, collapse of the USSR. в. с. Белых: Масоншылдық: тарих, мемлекет және құқық. Мақалада Еуропа, Англия, Ресейде масоншылдықтың дамуының тарихи кезеңдері көрсетілген. Сонымен қатар, автор көптеген ба- сылымдар қызу айтып жатқандай, масоншылдықтың тарихы мем- лекетпен, дінмен және құқықпен тығыз байланысты екендігін атап көрсетеді. Алғашында «еркін тас қалаушы» қауымдастығы таза кәсіби негізде құрылған қолөнер ұйымы (compa-nies of mason) болды. Сосын «тас қалаушы-ойшылдар» деп аталатындардың қалыптасу кезеңі басталды. Масондық цехтар адамдардың бірыңғай тобы – құрылыс ісі бойынша бауырлардан тұрды. Одан кейін олардың қозғалысы өзгеріске ұшырағаны байқалады, масондардың қатары тек еркін тас қалаушылардан ғана тұрмайтын болды. Автордың ай- туынша, масондық ложаның құрамында дәрежесі биік, лауазымды адамдар да бар. Масондар билікті жақсы көріп, көптеген елдерде мемлекеттік биліктің құрылымына енген. Түйінді сөздер: масондар, масондық ложа, «еркін тас қалаушылар» бірлестігі, масондар-философтар, масоншылдық және дін, рели- гия, кресшілер қозғалысы, масоншылдықтың деңгейі мен граду- стары, масондардың атрибуттары мен рәсімдері, қазіргі масондық және билік құрылымы, КСРО-ның құлауы. история государства и права
Пікір жазғандар: Жиренчин К.А., з.ғ.д., профессор; Жусупов А.Д., з.ғ.д., профессор; Амандыкова С.К., з.ғ.д., профессор. ISBN 978-601-240-651-1 Аталған оқу құралында мемлекеттің қаржылық жүйесінің негіздері қарастырылып, қаржы құқығының, оның әдістері, пәні мен жүйесіне түсініктеме беріліп, қаржылық, құқықтық нормалар мен қаржылық құқықтық қатынастардың мазмұны ашылып, оның жалпы және ерекше бөлімдеріне кipeтiн қаржылық құқықтық институттары зерделінген. Тараулар бойынша казустар (есептер), тест тапсырмалары, глоссарий және көрнекілік материалдар берілген. Оқулық жоғары заң оқу орындары мен факультеттерінің студенттеріне, магистранттарына және оқытушыларына, қаржы органдарының қызметкерлеріне, мемлекеттік билік органдарына, тәжipибeмeн айналысатын заңгерлерге, экономистер мен кәсіпкерлерге, жалпы қаржы құқығы жөнінде мемлекеттік тілде ақпараттар алуға қызығушылық танытқан оқырман қауымға арналған. жаҢа кІтаптар философия права
OF THE RULE OF LAW CONCEPT IN THE MIDDLE AGES ZH. TEMIRBEKOV, PhD student of KAZGUU University, Department of State and Legal disciplines I n XII and XIII centuries in societies of Western Europe the system of power was impregnated with authoritative methods of government. The opinion which noted the responsibility of the monarch, the necessity to put him in a certain framework of law served as a counterbalance to such state. Due to such thoughts the resistance against the power abuse from monarchs was extending and getting stronger. The problem of implementing the real control over the absolute power of whimsical kings has captured many countries across Europe. The ideas concerning functioning the monarchic power were «spreading from one country to another», they became a «part of the very atmosphere». 1
freedom, nor the concept of the sovereign’s action freedom restriction yet, there was a theory which as the doctrine of antique thinkers about «the law which rules the world» proclaimed existence of «common law which rules the world». In the cases over it the English lawyer, Henry de Bracton is often quoted, who lived in the XIII century and is considered as one who wrote a fundamental work following an English legal tradition – «De legibus et consuetudinibus Angliae» («On the laws and customs of England»). Bracton considered that «the king who broke or did not execute the law would be punished by God». 2 But the most important idea, in our opinion, expressed by the lawyer of the early Middle Ages was that the governor has to be limited. Bracton claimed that not a person but God and laws shall be over the king as far as laws creates the king. 3
of the king, having subordinated the unlimited monarch – to the law; this author traditionally and reasonably is perceived as the first medieval theorist of institutional restriction of the royal powers, and consequently – the supporter of the idea, «the rule of law», in spite of the fact that in Italy and Normandy, the similar ideas were expressed even earlier. For example, in the Treaty of Constance (1883) which was concluded between the emperors, Frederick I Barbarossa and Lombard League, there was a provision that the military tenants would not be deprived of their fiefs «except by the laws of our ancestors and the judgment of their peers». 4 In the first hand-written collection of a common law of Normandy (which it was finished in 1200) there is a record: «peer ought to be judged by peer». 5
of the above-mentioned ideas had occurred was the 1215 Magna Carta.
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In a number of articles of this legal document which is still of a great value, in the form of concrete legal formulas the provisions reflecting ideas of «constitutional monarchy» and «restriction of the power» were fixed. Therefore, it is not coincidence that some western authors considered the Great Charter in its many manifestations as the spiritual and legal predecessor of what everybody perceives nowadays as the concept of «the rule of law». 7
legal document, that according to its historical-philosophical origin is an idea embodiment about an origin of the king’s power from «a common law» which provided for «the universal recognition of mutual rights and duties» between the governor and his citizens. As for the historical-political origin, this document appeared as a result of resistance to lawlessness from the monarch as attempt to put the king into a certain legal framework. Finally, the philosophical-legal contents of this document, in the author’ opinion, gives the answer to the question: «Which should be supreme – the rule of law or will of a ruler?». Subsequently, provisions of the Great Charter had a great influence on the development of such human rights, as the right to life and the right to freedom, and also many procedural guarantees which in turn played an important role in the formation of the rule of law concept. Keywords: the Magna Carta, the Great Charter, common law, government under law, the fundamental law, basic rights, due process, the rule of law, constitutionalism, the Constitution. ©
Zh. Temirbekov, 2015 1 See: James C. Holt. Magna Carta. Cambridge University Press. 1992. P. 81. 2 See: Манеева Т.И. Развитие государственно-правовых институтов в Англии XIV- XV вв.: thesis ... of doctor of juridical science. Нижний Новгород, 2011. P. 186. 3 Bracton H. On the Laws and Customs of England. Vol. 2. Cambridge, 1968. P. 33. 4 See: Constitutiones et acta publica imperatorum et regum, ed. L. Weiland, Monumenta Germaniae Historica. 1896. Vol I. P. 415. 5 ‘Par per perem iudicari debet’ (Le Tres Ancien Coutumier de Normandie, Coutumiers de Normandie, ed. E.J. Tardif, Rouen, 1881, I, cap XXVI). 6 There is an opinion that the history of the Great Charter is a history not only the document, but also history of political and legal thought. “If we can seek truth in Aristotle, we can seek it also in Magna Carta”. See: James C. Holt. Op. cit. P. 18. 7 See: A.E. Dick Howard. The Road from Runnymede: Magna Carta and Constitutionalism in America. Charlottesville: The Univ. Press of Virginia, 1968. P. x. 90 Кұқық және мемлекет, № 2 (67), 2015 91 Право и государство, № 2 (67), 2015 философия права философия права 8 See: Eric. T. Kasper. The influence of Magna Carta in limiting executive power in the war in terror // Political Science Quarterly. 2011-2012. Vol. 126. Number 4. P. 546. 9 See: Хатунов С.Ю. Тридцать вторая статья великой хартии вольностей и ее основ- ные положения // Российский юридический журнал. 2011. № 4. P. 232. 10 See: Mark F. Grady and Michael T. McGuire. The Nature of Constitutions // Journal of Bioeconomics. 1999. Number 1. P. 237. 11 See: Ray Stringham. Magna Carta: Fountainhead of Freedom. Seattle: Aqueduct Books, 1966. P. 2. 12 See: A.E. Dick Howard. Op. cit. P. xi. 13 See: Баранов В.Ф. Возникновение и развитие английского общего права в XII- XVII веках: thesis ... of Ph.D. Москва, 2012. P. 24. See also: Миряшева Е.В. Идея кон- ституционализма в Европе и практика его распространения в североамери- канских колониях Англии // История государства и права. 2013. № 5.P. 55. 14 See: Mark F. Grady and Michael T. McGuire. Op. cit. P. 237. 15 See: Drumbl, M.A. (2013, October 25). Process for the Dispossessed: Procedural Rights from Magna Carta to Modern International Law [Review of the book Global Justice and Due Process, by Larry May]. Criminal law and Philosophy. DOI 10.1007/ s11572-013-9262-5. 16 See: Литвинова Е.А. Историко-правовые аспекты парламентской реформы в Великобритании в начале XX века: thesis ... of Ph.D. Рязань, 2010. P. 44. ThE GREAT ChARTER AS AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN ThE KING AND BARONS In June, 1215 the king of England, John Lackland, had no other choice but to set the seal on a piece of a pergament with the unusual text, which occurred directly at the place called Runnymede, near London. 8 In
opposition two forces met face to face. On one hand – the force of the risen British nobility 9 strengthened by soldiers in Wales and Scotland together with the armed clergy who demanded some certain rights and freedoms for themselves and threatened to punish the monarch someway. 10 And on the other hand – the lonely king who still acted as a symbol of strong centralized power of dynastic origin, but now suddenly was in hands and in favor of those whom he pursued till the moment. Contrary to everything, the revolt ended with a peace outcome, though the victory was won by the nobility. The outcome is really estimated as unexpected: there was no execution of the king and his close relatives, which was traditional for medieval England of that time; there were no searches of a new king and a new dynasty that, eventually, could return everything as it was before – that is to the power of other tyrant. Why it occurred, nobody knows. However many know, how exactly it occurred. According to one of the authors, it became possible due to «a great piece of paper drown by great minds». 11
answer against power abuse from the sons of the king Henry II concerning usual feudal duties. The history developed in such a way that for the British, according to one of authors here, it was necessary to endure «bloodless revolution» to give the answer to the important question: «Which should be supreme – the rule of law or will of the ruler?». 12
We believe that it exactly exposes the enduring value of the Great Charter as a way of normalization of relations between the power (state) and her citizens – on the basis of law, under the direction of law or within the law. Also this document is the first attempt to provide public supervision of almost unlimited powers of the king, an attempt to define royalty borders. 13 Therefore it is not casual in Anglo-American tradition that the Great Charter is considered as the first Constitution. 14
Besides, the value of the Great Charter is also high because initially the purpose of an embodiment of this document was a principle according to which «the rule of law has to extend not only over the population, but also over the king». 15 It means that the rule of law exists only where authorities take an equal position with the subjects subordinated to law. In addition to aforesaid, it would be to express the thought of E.A. Litvinova who considered the Great Charter – as «the first document which put the monarch into dependence on his citizens». 16 In other words, the king, having signed the Great Charter, assumed liabilities to be subordinated to law, i.e. to be dependent on the law which was created by the people of England in the form of common law in those Magna Carta (1215) The king of England John Lackland days. Therefore, submitting to the provisions of the Great Charter, indirectly, the monarch also submitted to the people.
The known provision of the Great Charter is Chapter 39 in the 1215 edition: «No free man shall be seized or imprisoned, or stripped of his rights or possessions, or outlawed or exiled, or deprived of his standing in any way, nor will we proceed with force against him, or send others to do so, except by the lawful judgment of his equals or by the law of the land». 17
acted as a following guarantee: no one can be grabbed and putted, dispossessed, recognized as the criminal or expelled out of borders of the country, except as on the basis of pronouncement of the relevant decision by court. The king itself could not use force to the person who was accused of commission of crime. For this purpose it needed to have the judgment. The formula applied in Chapter 40 of the text of 1215 was very short, but not less known. It sounds so: «To no one will we sell, to no one deny or delay right or justice». 18
The king promised to provide with three things on the base of this formula. It was talked of three «no» without which it is impossible to provide fair, justice functioning of an institute of protection of human rights: No – to justice «sales»! No – to «refusal» in justice! No – in «delaying» of justice! According to lawyers, these three «no» concern a ban on «three evils which always caused deep concern of everyone who appeared either as the claimant, or as the respondent in court». The mentioned three «no» of the Great Charter «set a basic pattern for judicial behavior that has not always been adhered to but must have played its part the improvement of the administration of justice». 19
So, the analysis of emergence and the maintenance of the Magna Carta give the grounds for such conclusions: 1. The Great Charter as a legal document of 1215 as for the historical- philosophical origin is an embodiment of thoughts exposing that the power of the king comes from «a common law» which provided with the «universal recognition of mutual rights and duties» between the governor and his citizens. 2. According to the historical-political origin this document was the manifestation of resistance to continuous and long abuses of the power by monarchs and a successful attempt to put the specific individual governor into a certain legal framework. 3. According to the philosophical-legal contents this document gave a definite answer on the question: «Which should be supreme – the rule of law or will of the ruler?». In opinion of S.Yu. Hatunov: «In spite of the fact that all representations of originators of GCL (the Great Charter of Liberties – Zh.T.) were based on feudal customs and medieval mentality, they were that base on which many law-based states grew nearly 800 years later». 20 Thus, the Great Charter became one of the earliest documents whose provisions regarding John of England signs Magna Carta 17 http://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/magna-carta-english-translation (accessed 13 May 2015) 18 Idem. 19 See: Ray Stringham. Op. cit. P. 55. 20 Хатунов С.Ю. Тридцать вторая статья великой хартии вольностей и ее основ- ные положения // Там же. P. 237. restriction of discretion of the power were realized in practice. Provisions of the Great Charter had direct impact on the formation of such human rights, as the right to life, the right to freedom, the right to a private property, and also many procedural guarantees. Besides, due to such provisions, the Great Charter became the conceptual predecessor of the concept created for many centuries later. Today it is one of the most progressive ideas of the best way to ensure human rights – the concept of the rule of law.
Ұлы Еркіндік Хартиясы 1215 жылы заңды құжат ретінде өзінің тарихи-философиялық шығуы жағынан «жалпы құқықтан [«common law»]» король билігінің пайда болуы туралы идеялардың жүзеге асуы болып табылады, яғни ол билеуші мен оған бағынатындардың арасында «өзара құқықтар мен міндеттерді жалпы мойындауды» қарастырған. Тарихи-саяси шығу жағынан бұл құжат королдің озбырлығына қарсыласудың нәтижесінде, яғни королді белгілі бір құқықтар шеңберіне енгізуге тырысудан пайда болған. Автордың пікірі бойынша, бұл құжаттың философиялық-құқықтық мазмұны «Не жоғары – құқықтың үстемдігі ме немесе билеушінің еркі ме?» деген сұраққа жауап береді. Соңында, Ұлы Хартияның ережелері адамның өмір сүру құқығы, бостандық құқығы сияқты құқықтарының және құқық үстемдігі тұжырымдамасын қалыптастыруда маңызды рөл атқаратын көптеген процессуалдық кепілдіктердің дамуына үлкен ықпал етті. 92 Кұқық және мемлекет, № 2 (67), 2015 93 Право и государство, № 2 (67), 2015 Түйінді сөздер: Ұлы Еркіндік Хартиясы, жалпы құқық, билеушінің еркі, құқық жетекшілігіндегі билік, негізгі заң, негізгі құқық, әділ заңгерлік процедура, құқық үстемдігі, конституционализм, адам құқығы, Конституция. ж. р. темирбеков: «великая хартия вольностей – концепту- альный предшественник концепции верховенства права в средневековье» Великая Хартия Вольностей 1215 г., как юридический документ, по своему историко-философскому происхождению является во- площением идеи о происхождении власти короля от «общего пра- ва [«common law»]», которое предусматривало «всеобщее призна- ние взаимных прав и обязанностей» между правителем и его под- данными. Что касается историко-политического происхождения, то этот документ появился в результате сопротивления произво- лу со стороны монарха, как попытка поставить короля в опреде- ленные правовые рамки. И наконец, философско-правовое со- держание данного документа, по мнению автора, дает ответ на вопрос: «Что выше – верховенство права или воля правителя?». Впоследствии, положения Великой Хартии оказали большое вли- яние на развитие таких прав человека, как право на жизнь и пра- во на свободу, а также многих процессуальных гарантий, которые в свою очередь сыграли важную роль в формировании концеп- ции верховенства права. Ключевые слова: Великая Хартия, общее право, воля правителя, власть под руководством права, основополагающий закон, основ- ные права, справедливая юридическая процедура, верховенство права, конституционализм, права человека, Конституция. философия права из истории правовой науки и юридического образования
и гоСударСтвенный деятель о. М. горСтКа, старший преподаватель кафедры гражданского и гражданского процессуального права университета Казгюу, магистр юриспруденции Н урмагамбетов Аманжол Магзумович родился 3 июня 1950 г. в гор. Кокчетаве Акмолинской области. После окончания школы работал техником-холодильщиком КазНИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии, затем рабочим книж- ного магазина, грузчиком мелкооптовой базы. В 1969-75 гг. обучался на юридическом факультете Казахского государственного университета им. С.М. Кирова (ныне – КазНУ им. аль-Фараби). В студенческие годы был активистом, возглав- лял студенческие строительные отряды, руководил комсомоль- ской организацией. В 1975 г., получив диплом правоведа, остается работать в уни- верситете ассистентом кафедры трудового права и гражданско- го процесса. С самого начала, Аманжол Магзумович проявляет интерес к научным изысканиям в сфере трудовых отношений. В период с 1979 по 1982 гг. является аспирантом Московского государствен- ного университета им. М.В. Ломоносова, где в 1983 г. успешно защищает диссертацию на соискание ученой степени кандида- та юридических наук на тему «Особенности правового регули- рования труда рабочих совхозов» под руководством д.ю.н., про- фессора А.Д. Зайкина. Официальными оппонентами по диссер- тации выступили д.ю.н., профессор Ю.П. Орловский и заслужен- ный юрист РСФСР, к.ю.н., доцент Е.А. Панова. Данная работа являлась первым комплексным исследованием в области правового регулирования труда рабочих совхозов и была весьма актуальной для того периода. В диссертации рас- сматривались вопросы общего и особенного в регулировании труда рабочих и служащих, функционирование межотраслево- го принципа единства и дифференциации в трудовом праве. Вы- двигались предложения о дифференциации систем оплаты труда рабочих совхозов по конкретным хозяйствам, предлагалось вве- сти в законодательство и практическое применение такие осно- вания дифференциации, как: отрасль сельского хозяйства, усло- вия труда, природно-климатические факторы, личностные каче- ства работающих, характер трудового договора и его продолжи- тельность с целью правового регулирования трудовых отношений рабочих совхозов и т.п. 1
тать в КазГУ старшим преподавателем, доцентом, заместителем декана, затем – заместителем секретаря парткома КазГУ, успеш- В статье приводятся биографические сведения, научные дости- жения, деятельность в сфере государственной службы доктора юридических наук, профессора А.М. Нурмагамбетова. Отражают- ся основные этапы его жизни, вклад в развитие юридической на- уки в сфере трудовых отношений. Ключевые слова: Конституция, Конституционный Совет, Сенат, за- конодательство, юриспруденция, наука, конституционное право, трудовое право, юридическое образование, Нурмагамбетов А.М. ©
1 См.: Нурмагамбетов А.М. Особенности правового регулирования труда рабо- чих совхозов. Автореферат дис. на канд. юрид. наук: 12.00.05. М., 1983. Профессор, д.ю.н. А.М. Нурмагамбетов жүктеу/скачать 3,03 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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