Lesson 33
ГРАММАТИКА: Эмфатические уступительные предложения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
Gradually, chcmists began synthesizing some things found in nature
and later those not found in the natural state.
Ex. 2. State what parts of speech the following words belong to:
nature, natural, unnatural, naturally, naturalist, naturalistic, naturalism,
naturalize, naturalization
Scction III
— Excuse me!
— Yes?
— Is there a canteen at the department?
— Yes, there is.
— Where is it?
— Not very far, just downstairs and round the comer.
— Thank you very much.
— That’s all right.
up short dialogues according to the example.
1. You must cxactly follow the instruction. 2. Some of the results
obtained at 25°C arc as follows. 3. Since the ratio is constant, it follows
that the molccular weight of iodine is the same in liquid as in solid benzene.
4. It is ncccssary to have a definition of science, I suggest the following.
5. This principle will be followed throughout the book. 6. Caesium and
rubidium arc of importance bccausc cacsium, followed by rubidium, is the
most easily ionized clement. 7. It follows from the above that no substancc
can be absolutely pure. 8. I’ll go first and you follow me. 9. Can you follow
my explanation? 10. The lecture will be followed by a film. 11. Following
the seminar we’ll be allowed to make our experiments.
Ex. 4. Analyse the following sentcnccs:
1. Though it may seem strange now, analytical chcmistry began to
experience a renaissance between WWI and WWII.
2. Strange as it may seem now, analytical chcmistry began to experience
a renaissance between WWI and WWII.
3. However strange it may seem, analytical chemistry began to
experience a renaissance between WWI and WWII.
Text 33 A
Classical Methods of Analysis
Strange as it may seem now, the analyst and the “works chcmist” of
the 18tli and 19th ccnturics depended almost entirely on what arc frequently
defined today as the classical methods of analysis, namely, gravimetric
analysis and volumetric analysis. Gravimetric analysis is based on methods
of determining the weights of the respective constituents of a product,
whereas volumetric analysis is based on volumes rather than weights, the
volumes being determined by a process known as titration — that is,
determination of the strength of acid and basic solutions.
Difficult as the situation of the so-callcd “works chcmist” during the
industrial revolution was, it was not the sole reason for the dcclinc of the
glamour and prestige of the analyst in the early days of the scicncc of
chcmistry.
Following the logical sequence of events, it is not at all strange that
chcmist, having taken natural substanccs apart in order to determine their
constituent elements, would then begin gradually to think about
synthesizing in a test-tube, at least some of the useful things found in
nature. The next logical step, of coursc, was to begin to think about
producing tilings not found in the natural state. Thus, wc had an evolution
of research, principally in organic chcmistry, directed towards synthesizing
old or new compounds, chicfly the latter.
About halfway between World War I and World War II, the analytical
chcmist gradually began to cxpcricncc a renaissance in his status with
Ex. 3. Define the meanings of (he word follow in the following scntcnccs:
214
other members of the profession and with management. Quality became a
very important factor in ever-increasing competitive markets. With this
welcome change there came a demand for more rapid and more accurate
methods of analysis. This demand led to a tremendous amount of research
related to the broad field o f analysis. New scientific concepts were
introduced, many of them based on what might be callcd physical chcmistry.
Words and Word-Combinations to Be Memorized
canteen, department, event, excuse, frequently, gradually, lecture, a lot of,
lots of, manage, market, profession, quality, respective, scientific, seminar,
sequence, synthesize, test-tube, thank, tremendous, tube
Ex. 5. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
depend on the classical methods, be defined as, gravimetric analysis,
volumetric analysis, respective constituents, determine the volumes, the
strength of acid and basic solutions, a difficult situation, the sole reason,
in the early days of chcmistry, following the sequence of events, experience
a renaissance, competitive markets, introduce a conccpt
Ex. 6. Give the English equivalents for the following:
казаться странным, почти полностью, определить все, тогда как,
а не, затруднительное положение, совсем не странно, природные
вещества, чтобы определить, постепенно, синтезировать в пробир
ке, по крайней мерс, следующий шаг, таким образом, главным об
разом, химик-аналитик, потребность в новых методах анализа, ог
ромное количество исследований, основываться на, быть направ
ленным на, часто
Ex. 7. Fill in the blanks with articles where necessary.
1. I n ... volumetric analysis... volumes were determined b y ... proccss
known a s ... titration. 2. ... situation o f ... so-called “works chcmist” was
rather difficult. 3. ... evolution o f ... research led to synthesizing old or
new compounds, chiefly... latter. 4
quality became... very important
factor. 5. There came... demand for more rapid and more accurate methods
o f... analysis.
Ex. 8. Give synonyms for the following:
at present, wholly, single, start, mainly, fast, wide, idea, producc, often
Ex. 9. Give antonyms for the following:
frequently, easy, late, together, at once, useless, revolution, old, the
latter, decrease
Ex. 10. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Whenever an element is oxidized, some elements must be reduced.
2. Wherever sulphide ores o f the metals such as lead, copper, zinc may
215
be found, there, too, wc arc likely to find sulphur compounds of arsenic.
3. Strange as it may seem, considering its vital importance and the fact
that it is around us everywhere, conscious acquaintance with oxygen
dates back to only a little over two ccnturcs ago. 4. The energy involved
in any reaction is usually callcd the heat o f reaction, even though it may
be electrical in nature. 5. The critical temperature is the highest
temperature at which a vapour can be condensed to liquid by any pressure,
however great it may be. 6. Whenever a person working in the laboratory
mixes two or more substanccs and obtains a new product, he wants to
know what has happened and what substanccs have been produced.
7. However that may be, the agreement between the two methods is
satisfactory. 8. Important though it is, wc shall not consider this ease
now. 9. Crude though it is, this value is most frequently employed.
10. Relatively little is known about the conditions of equilibrium which
exist in the solid solution, whoever may say the opposite. 11. Whatever
these observations may appear, such solutions obey Ohm’s law, just as
metallic conductors do. 12. Simple though it actually is, this method has
the advantage of being simple and flexible and of involving usually only
moderately complicated considerations. 13. This technique remains
unreliable, although it has recently been improved. 14. Whatever you
may say, this circumstancc no doubt prevented earlier observers from
accepting the conccpt. 15. Convenient as this method is, it has a drawback
which involves a certain risk. 16. However that may be, wc may raise
the temperature and find a continuous scries o f equilibrium states.
17. Whenever a beam of white light is passed through a prism, it spreads
it out into a spectrum containing all the colours from red to violet.
18. Improbable though this case may appear at first glance, let us consider
it in detail.
Ex. 11. Translate the scntcnccs into English without using a dictionary.
1. Как это ни странно, многие методы анализа используются и
сейчас. 2. Такими классическими методами анализа являются гра
виметрический анализ и объемный анализ. 3. Химики сначала разде
ляли природные вещества, чтобы определить составляющие их эле
менты. 4. Постепенно они начали думать о том, чтобы синтезировать
некоторые полезные вещества в пробирке. 5. Затем они подошли к
следующей ступени — синтезировать совершенно новые вещества.
6. Рост требований к качеству привел к дальнейшему совершенство
ванию методов анализа.
Ex. 12. Answer the following questions:
1.
What methods of analytical chcmistry arc callcd the classical
methods o f analysis? 2. What is gravimetric analysis based on? 3. What
is volumetric analysis? 4. How did chcmists comc to the idea o f
synthesizing a substancc? 5. What stimulated the evolution of methods
of analysis?
216
|