out by the facts, is the assumption that many experiments could have
resulted in more conspicuous and sharper constructed plan.
In taking cognizancc of the unavoidable experimental eirors, rather
than in ignoring them or dismissing them as negligible, and in attempting
a mathematical study of the avoidance or the correction of systematical
errors, statisticians have succccdcd, to a ccrtain extent, in offering some
objective criteria which arc invaluable in these situations. One of the
important by-products of these methods is an estimate of the quantity of
experimental work that is ncccssary for obtaining sufficient factual proof
for a scientific hypothesis, such an estimate being more objective than the
guessing technique often used. But among the most important contributions
of statistical methodology to scicntific experimentation is the possibility
o f clearly separating the effects of various variables under study as well as
the interactions of these variables with regard to the measured quantities,
from the data resulting from a complex experiment. Hardly can it be denied
that this requires careful planning. Even before
the experiment is started,
the various possible types o f results must be hypothetically considered
from the point of view of the questions under study.
Words and Word-Combinations to Be Memorized
aid, by-product, common sense, construct, construction, contribution,
correction, criterion, data, design, error, experienced, the extent to which,
mathematics, negligible, objective, occasion, offer, point of view, possibility,
proof, refer to as, statistical, statistics, substitute, succeed (in), sufficient,
sufficiently, in view of
Ex. 5. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
be a substitute for, an aid to judgement, in the purely technical aspects,
it seems appropriate, the design of the experiment, act on a moment’s
intuition, be subject to, ignore experimental errors, the correlation of errors,
an objective criterion, obtain sufficient factual proof, guessing technique,
result from a complcx experiment, require careful planning, consider from
the point of view of
Ex. 6. Give the English equivalents for the following:
здравый смысл, ввиду многих ошибок, объяснение результато»
эксперимента, планировать эксперимент по мерс его протекания, изу
чение данных, в соответствии с наблюдаемыми фактами, опытный
исследователь, естественное предположение, приводить к экспери
ментальной ошибке, избегать систематических ошибок, статистикам
удалось сделать, быть бесценным, предложить объективные крите
рии, один из побочных продуктов, изучаемые переменные, взаимо
действие переменных, до начала эксперимента, рассматривать с точ
ки зрения
220
мента — простое дело. 3. Объяснить конечный результат реакции
бывает непросто и опытному химику. 4. Ученым удалось выработать
некоторые методы, чтобы избежать ошибки при проведении экспе
риментов. 5. Объективными критериями правильности научной ги
потезы можно считать только факты.
Ex. 12. Answer (he following questions:
1. In what fields of analytical chcmistry can statistical methods be
used? 2. What important aspects of experimentation should be taken into
account? 3. What is the role of intuition in experimentation? 4. What must
be the attitude to errors? S. What is regarded as the most important
contribution of statistical methodology to scicntific experimentation?
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