Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина
жүктеу/скачать 5,96 Mb. Pdf көрінісі
|
1stepanova t a english for chemists
| Scction II
Упр. 1. Назовите значения следующих интернациональных слов: sort, extensively, systematically, introduction, primitive, metallurgical, restoration, nomenclature, term, natural, original Упр. 2. Проверьте, помните ли вы значения следующих слов; если ист, обратитесь к словарю: prior to, combustion, phlogiston, conceive, charcoal, dual, rust Text 31 В Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 3 минуты). Original Meanings of Oxidation and Reduction Prior to the discovery of oxygen independently by Scheelc of Sweden in 1771-1772 and by Joseph Priestley o f England in 1774, combustion had been regarded to be a loss o f phlogiston. Roughly speaking, phlogiston was conceived to be a sort of materia of fire. Lavoisier used the new knowledge to show more extensively and systematically that combustion is the combination o f the combustible substancc with Priestley's “dcphlogisticatcd air”. Knowing that several products of combustion, notably those formed from sulphur, phosphorus and carbon arc acidic substances, Lavoisier named the element oxygen, from the Greek for acid-former. Lavoisier callcd the product formed by addition of oxygen an oxide. Therefore, it was natural to refer to the process as oxidation. To tell the truth, long before the introduction of the term “oxidation” the term “reduction” had been used in a technical sense. Primitive man had used charcoal to win iron from ores which wc call oxides. During the development of this and other metallurgical processes reduction was used, perhaps in the dual sense of bringing down the bulk of an ore to that of the metal and of a restoration. In the latter sense it was used by Paracelsus in describing the restoration o f iron from rust. With dc Morvcau, Bcrthollct and de Fourcroy — to mention only a few — Lavoisier devised the nomenclature used today. Oxides were distinguished by the name of the element combined with oxygen and by the degree of oxidation. Упр. 3. Перелайте основное содержание текста своими словами в нескольких предложениях. Упр. 4. Какое слово в тексте означает «добыть»? Упр. 5. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы: 1. What was regarded as combustion before the discovery of oxygen? 2. What was understood by the term “phlogiston”? 3. What was the origin 206 of the name “oxygen”? 4. In what sense was the term “reduction” used? 4. What process was callcd oxidation? Упр. 6. Закончите следующие предложения: 1. Oxygen was discovered independently... 2. Lavoisier showed more extensively that... 3. Lavoisier regarded an oxide as a product... 4. In metallurgy the term “reduction” meant... 5. The nomenclature used today was devised... жүктеу/скачать 5,96 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
|