Ш. Уәлиханов атындағы кму хабаршысы issn 1608-2206 Филология сериясы. №4, 2019
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METEOROLOGICAL МETAPHOR INVESTIGATION IN THE BRITISH AND KAZAKH NATIONAL CORPORA This article is devoted to the current issue of the cross-linguistic study of Kazakh and English languages. The authors of the scientific work tried to identify similarities and differences in the semantic structure of words with cold and суық metaphorical meaning. In this article the authors have made an attempt to select and systematize lexical units that have received metaphorical meanings related to the lexical group “coldness” and determine their quantitative composition in English and Kazakh. Practical materials of the study were lexical units extracted by continuous sampling from the BNC (British National Corpus) and NCKL (National Corpus of Kazakh language). As the comparison of semantic structures shows, words, having a complex semantic structure, do not fully coincide in their semantic scope with words of similar meaning in one language and with their correspondences in another language. Key words: meteorological metaphor, cold/суық, metaphorization, corpus linguistics, British national corpus, Kazakh national corpus INTRODUCTION
The article is devoted to one of the particular issues of comparative study of languages – the identification of similarities and differences in the semantic structure of English words with “cold” meanings and Kazakh “суық” in their metaphorical conceptualizations. The authors of the article rely on the main thesis of the cognitive theory of metaphor, developed by J. Lakoff, his idea boils down to the following: metaphorization processes are based on the processing of knowledge structures - frames and scripts. The knowledge realized in frames and scenarios is a generalized experience of human interaction with the outside world - both with the world of objects and with society. To describe the metaphorization processes of meteorological vocabulary, it is necessary to identify the initial semantic meaning of lexical units belonging to the thematic group of coolness, coldness such as ice, frigidity, chill, frost as well as in Kazakh language. Вестник КГУ им. Ш. Уалиханова ISSN 1608-2206 Серия филологическая, № 4, 2019
132 The present research work follows the basic fundamentals of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) [1]. Over the last thirty years, studies on metaphor have been playing a crucial role in cognitive linguistics, a development of which began with the proposed theory of Lakoff and Johnson’s in their monography “Metaphors We Live By”. Goatly A., the linguist who made a valuable contribution to the description of metaphors, in his book The Language of Metaphors [2, 15-16], he defines the metaphor as follows: A metaphor arises when a discourse unit is used as an unconventional reference to an object, process or concept, or is encountered in an unconventional way and also when this unconventional act of exile or collision is interpreted according to the main similarities, correspondences or analogies with the participation of the ordinary referent or the colligate of the unit and the actual non-traditional referent or the colligate [2]. Modern cognitive linguistics considers a metaphor not a figure of speech designed to decorate speech and make an image more understandable, but a form of thinking. Accordingly, the cognitive function of metaphor stands out as the main one, that is, the function of processing information. It should be clarified that the cognitive function is the main, but not the only function of the metaphorical model [3, 21]. A language metaphor is easily replaced by literal equivalents, which is not possible with respect to metaphor in prose which violates the usual taxonomy of objects, while a linguistic metaphor verbalizes the logical-conceptual system in a language, i.e. a metaphor in prose reflects the individual picture of the world of its creator or author, and the linguistic metaphor reflects the general linguistic [4, 43]. The main thesis of the cognitive theory of metaphor comes down to the following idea: metaphorization processes are based on the processing of knowledge structures, which are described in categories of frames and scenarios in one of the meta-languages of cognitive science. The knowledge recorded in the human cognitive system in the form of frames and scenarios is a generalized experience of human interaction with the outside world - both with the world of objects and with society [5, 16]. So, at present, the problem of metaphor has gone out of the rhetoric, where it originally existed as one of the tropes, stepped over the boundaries of linguistic stylistics (where it was studied as a means of creating expressive coloring of the text) and moved to a fairly comprehensive laboratory, becoming the subject of research of the above related to linguistics disciplines [6, 63]. In domestic linguistics, a model of the semantic (seminal) structure of nuclear materials developed by V.G. Gak on the example of a metaphor, a fox is a cunning person. The nominative (initial) LZ of the word fox has a certain set of sem categorical archisem A (animated creature) + clan seme B (animal) + species differentiating seme C (quality assigned to the fox is a tricky). The following semantic transformations lead to metaphorization: the elimination of the family and species sem and the actualization of potential seme [7]. Metaphorical models are models of the transition from propositional or figurative-schematic models of one area to the corresponding structure of another area. Metaphorical transfer assumes the presence of a source region and a target region. In the transfer process, the structure of the source region model is transferred to the corresponding structure of the target region. For example, the “channel” metaphor allows you to move from knowledge about moving objects in containers to understanding communication as moving ideas in words [8].
MAIN PART Сorpus analysis revealed interlanguage matches/correspondences or so called equivalent and non-equivalent metaphorical conceptualizations of cold in English and Kazakh Languages. To investigate non-literal meaning of coldness in Kazakh language we applied to Kazakh Corpus where for the entry суық /cold we found 365 entries, 38 documents [Қияқ шабарман суық хабар әкелген…] trans. they brought cold news, суық хабар (cold) = bad news (unpleasant);
Ш. Уәлиханов атындағы КМУ хабаршысы ISSN 1608-2206 Филология сериясы. № 4, 2019
133 [...сұлу мұртты Жәнібек пен жалаңаш қанжардай түсі суық Керейге көз қиығын аудард ы]. Zhanibek got a glimpse at severe, stern Kereу…. түсі суық = stern (tough) appearance; [...кірпік астынан қадалған суық жанарға мысқыл шапты] суық жанар = cold eyes/look; [Ал тілеулес ағайынның әзір суық сөзі естілмейді…]
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