Учебное пособие для спо под редакцией Г. В. Шевцовой 2-е издание
Read the text below and answer the following questions
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Read the text below and answer the following questions:What was the impact of technology and new industrial processes spreading in Europe? Could the British Arts and Crafts movement become an international one? What were the reasons of the Modern movement foundation? What were the modernist ideas about design? Text 2 B The Modern Movement At the turn of the century, technology and new industrial processes were spreading; and in Europe designers were becoming attuned to the possibilities of mass-produced well-designed products as artists, architects and industry increasingly worked together. By this time, the British Arts and Crafts movement had reverted to a national style rather than an international one. Designers there retained the hand-made, natural wood look while elsewhere in Europe the materials and processes of mass production being developed in the United States were seized upon and the concept of ‘Functionalism’ was becoming an important influence. The concept was first expressed in the 19th century by an American sculptor, Horatio Greenough who was critical of decorated products and architecture with ornamental facades. His enthusiasm for an ‘engineers aesthetic’ was echoed in the words of Louis Sullivan, an architect who at the turn of the century proclaimed: “Form follows function”. At that time in the United States, mechanized mass production was encouraged, because cheap labour was scarcely compared to the situation in Europe. Called the American system of manufacture, it had greatly influenced the appearance of products and became known as the Functionalist Tradition, where manufacturing methods determined not only the means of production but also the visual form of the products. A term applied to products designed only for practical use, it became a central theme in Modernism, namely the aesthetic of the machine. In architecture, Functionalism meant the elimination of ornament so the building plainly expressed its purpose, and the principle led to the idea of designing buildings from the inside outwards, letting the essential structure dictate the form and therefore its external appearance. Functionalist ideas about design became the dominant design philosophy and language of the first half of the century. Also known as, ‘the machine aesthetic’, it lasted up to the 1930s. Henry Ford whose early cars also featured standardized parts and were made largely by machines followed the idea of design expressing the function of the product. While the sophisticated production technologies developing rapidly in America became dominant across the world, it was in Europe where art and industry combined to create what we now call industrial design; the design and development of products we can use productively and view also as aesthetic objects. Notes on the text жүктеу/скачать 0,57 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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