With the financial assistance
of the European Union
STRENGTHENING
A
GRICUL
TUR
AL
C
O-OPER
ATIVES
IN
K
AZAKHST
AN
PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
Policy Handbook
STRENGTHENING AGRICULTURAL
CO-OPERATIVES IN
KAZAKHSTAN
Agriculture plays an important role
in the economy of Kazakhstan,
with over one-quarter of the labour
force depending on the sector for
income and employment. Despite
its importance, however, agricultural
production remains highly fragmented and
labour productivity is significantly lower than in
OECD countries. This Handbook presents policy
recommendations to strengthen agricultural
co-operatives in Kazakhstan, and help small-scale
producers to benefit from increased bargaining
power, greater efficiency, and easier access to supply
chains and marketing channels.
This Handbook was peer reviewed on 27 November
2014 at the OECD Eurasia Competitiveness
Roundtable. The Roundtable is a policy network that
gathers OECD members and partner countries from
the Eurasia region for knowledge sharing on the
implementation of competitiveness reforms.
УКРЕПЛЕНИЕ
СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ
КООПЕРАТИВОВ В
КАЗАХСТАНЕ
Будучи источником
доходов и местом работы
для более четверти занятого
населения Казахстана, сельское
хозяйство играет важную роль
в экономике страны. Тем не менее,
сельскохозяйственное производство по-
прежнему носит крайне разрозненный
характер, а производительность труда
в отрасли существенно отстает от
показателей стран ОЭСР. В настоящем
руководстве содержатся рекомендации
по укреплению сельскохозяйственных
кооперативов в Казахстане, а также
усилению рыночной позиции, повышению
эффективности и упрощению доступа
мелких сельхозпроизводителей к цепочкам
снабжения и каналам сбыта.
Представленные в публикации материалы
учитывались при проведении экспертной
оценки 27 ноября 2014 года на заседании
Круглого стола ОЭСР по повышению
конкурентоспособности стран Евразии.
Данное мероприятие дает странам-
участницам ОЭСР и государствам Евразии
уникальную возможность для обмена опытом
в сфере реализации реформ, направленных
на укрепление конкурентоспособности.
Strengthening
agricultural
co-operatives
in Kazakhstan
Укрепление
сельскохозяйственных
кооперативов
в Казахстане
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
The OECD is a unique forum where governments work together to address the
economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also
at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new
developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy
and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where
governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems,
identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies.
The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Union takes part in the
work of the OECD.
www.oecd.org
OECD EURASIA COMPETITIVENESS PROGRAMME
The OECD Eurasia Competitiveness Programme, launched in 2008, helps accelerate
economic reforms and improve the business climate to achieve sustainable economic
growth and employment in two regions: Central Asia (Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Mongolia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), and Eastern Europe and South
Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine).
www.oecd.org/globalrelations/eurasia.htm
Key Contact:
Mr Antonio Somma
Head of Programme
OECD Eurasia Competitiveness Programme
ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА И РАЗВИТИЯ
ОЭСР представляет собой уникальную площадку, позволяющую государствам
совместно решать экономические, социальные и экологические проблемы
глобализации. ОЭСР – одна из тех, кто стремится понять новые явления и проблемы
и помочь правительствам выработать меры по их разрешению, например, в таких
областях, как корпоративное управление, информационная экономика и проблемы
старения населения. Организация экономического сотрудничества и развития дает
государствам возможность сравнить политический опыт, найти пути решения общих
проблем, определить надлежащие методы работы и координировать внутреннюю и
внешнюю политику.
К числу стран-участниц ОЭСР относятся: Австралия, Австрия, Бельгия,
Великобритания, Венгрия, Германия, Греция, Дания, Израиль, Ирландия, Исландия,
Испания, Италия, Канада, Корея, Люксембург, Мексика, Нидерланды, Новая Зеландия,
Норвегия, Польша, Португалия, Словацкая Республика, Словения, США, Турция,
Финляндия, Франция, Чешская Республика, Чили, Швейцария, Швеция, Эстония и
Япония. Европейский союз принимает участие в работе ОЭСР.
www.oecd.org
ПРОГРАММА ОЭСР ПО ПОВЫШЕНИЮ КОНКУРЕНТОСПОСОБНОСТИ СТРАН
ЕВРАЗИИ
Программа ОЭСР по повышению конкурентоспособности стран Евразии была
запущена в 2008 году в целях ускорения проведения экономических реформ и
улучшения делового климата для обеспечения устойчивого экономического роста
и занятости в двух регионах: Центральная Азия (Афганистан, Казахстан, Кыргызская
Республика, Монголия, Таджикистан, Туркменистан и Узбекистан) и Восточная Европа
и Закавказье (Азербайджан, Армения, Беларусь, Грузия, Республика Молдова и
Украина).
www.oecd.org/globalrelations/eurasia.htm
Контактное лицо:
Антонио Сомма
Руководитель Программы
Программа ОЭСР по повышению конкурентоспособности стран Евразии
PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
POLICY HANDBOOK
Strengthening agricultural co-operatives in Kazakhstan
April 2015
2
This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status
of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and
boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.
This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European
Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official
opinion of the European Union.
3
FOREWORD
This report was developed within the framework of the OECD Central Asia
Competitiveness Initiative. It aims to deliver practical advice on the implementation
of reforms to strengthen agricultural co-operatives, and thereby help small-scale
producers overcome market failures and reach their full productivity potential.
The OECD Central Asia Initiative is part of the OECD Eurasia
Competitiveness Programme. The initiative was launched in November 2008, and
helps to accelerate economic reforms and improve the business climate to achieve
sustainable economic growth and employment in the countries of Central Asia
(Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and
Uzbekistan). Its objective is to share with governments of the region the knowledge,
expertise and good practices of OECD countries to enhance competitiveness, attract
foreign direct investment (FDI), increase productivity, support private sector
development, strengthen entrepreneurship and build knowledge-based economies.
Kazakhstan is a leading economy in Central Asia, and has made sustained
efforts to co-operate with the OECD, including through its participation in the
OECD Eurasia Competitiveness Programme, the Investment Committee, the
Committee for Agriculture, the Regional Development Policy Committee and the
Committee on Industry, Innovation and Entrepreneurship. In 2015-16, Kazakhstan
will deepen its engagement with the OECD through a Country Programme, adopting
a whole-of-government approach. The Country Programme acknowledges
Kazakhstan’s willingness and ability to commit itself to a programme of reforms,
based on OECD legal instruments and good practices. Through additional policy
reviews, dialogue, exchange of good practices, and support for reform
implementation, the Country Programme will help other Eurasian economies
identify opportunities to get closer to OECD practices and standards.
This work builds on policy recommendations developed under the Kazakhstan
Regional Competitiveness Project. The project was initiated with the government of
Kazakhstan in 2011, and aims to promote regional competitiveness and inclusive
growth in Kazakhstan’s regions. As part of the Kazakhstan Regional
Competitiveness Project, the OECD Review of Agricultural Policies: Kazakhstan
2013 was prepared and published at the request of the government of Kazakhstan.
4
The review examined the policy context and trends in Kazakhstan’s agricultural
sector, and provided the government with a series of directions for further policy
reform. In particular, it highlighted the need to integrate small-scale producers in
agricultural markets and diversify and improve rural incomes.
This report was initiated with the government of Kazakhstan in 2014 and was
developed in close collaboration with policy makers, farmers, farmers’ associations
and other relevant stakeholders. It was peer reviewed on 27 November 2014 at the
OECD Eurasia Competitiveness Roundtable. The Roundtable is a policy network
that gathers OECD members and partner countries from the Eurasia region for
knowledge sharing on the implementation of competitiveness reforms.
The project was carried out with the financial assistance of the European Union
and the government of Kazakhstan.
5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report summarises the work carried out by the OECD Eurasia
Competitiveness Programme, under the authority of the OECD Central Asia
Initiative Steering Committee, and within the framework of the Kazakhstan
Regional Competitiveness Project.
Representatives from several ministries, government agencies, farmers,
farmers’ associations and other stakeholders in Kazakhstan contributed to this
publication. These include representatives of the Ministry of Agriculture (His
Excellency Mr. Asylzhan Mamytbekov, Minister of Agriculture; Mr. Saparkhan
Omarov, Vice-Minister of Agriculture; Mr. Serik Ibrayev, Director of the
Department for Strategic Planning; Ms. Ainur Ardabayeva, Deputy Director of the
Department for Strategic Planning and Mr. Azamat Kurmanov, Expert of the
Department for Strategic Planning), Ministry of National Economy (Ms. Galiya
Zholdybayeva, Chair of the Committee for Entrepreneurship Development and Ms.
Dinara Tazhenova, Chief Expert of the Committee for Entrepreneurship
Development), and the Kazakhstan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Mr. Gani
Kaliyev, President and Ms. Galiya Akimbekova, Head of the Department for Co-
operation and Integration in Agriculture). In addition, the report benefited from the
perspectives of many farmers and farmers’ associations, including the Union of
Farmers of Kazakhstan (Mr. Auzhan Darinov, President and Mr. Akzhol
Abdukalimov, Vice President).
A number of international experts also provided input to the report, including
Dr. David Sedik, Senior Agricultural Policy Officer, Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) of the United Nations; Dr. Richard Pomfret, Professor of
Economics, University of Adelaide, Australia; Dr. Zvi Lerman, Professor of
Agricultural Economics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; and Dr. Hagen
Henrÿ, Adjunct Professor and Research Director, Ruralia Institute, University of
Helsinki, Finland.
As an important donor to the Kazakhstan Regional Competitiveness Project,
the European Union provided valuable guidance and support (Mr. Luca Carapelli,
Project Manager, Delegation of the European Union to the Republic of Kazakhstan).
6
This report was written under the guidance of Mr. Marcos Bonturi, Director of
the OECD Global Relations Secretariat, Mr. Anthony O’Sullivan, Deputy Director
of the OECD Global Relations Secretariat and Mr. Antonio Somma, Head of the
OECD Eurasia Competitiveness Programme.
The principal author of the report is Mr. Jibran Punthakey, Economist/Policy
Analyst, OECD Eurasia Competitiveness Programme. The project was managed by
Mr. Jean-François Lengellé, Project Manager, OECD Eurasia Competitiveness
Programme. The report was reviewed and benefited from valuable inputs provided
by Ms. Dalila Cervantes-Godoy, Agriculture Policy Analyst, OECD Trade and
Agriculture Directorate, Mr. Jan Schuijer, Mr. Carl Dawson and Ms. Vanessa
Vallée, OECD Global Relations Secretariat, and Mr. Grégory Lecomte, Mr. Clément
Brenot, Mr. Wouter Meester, Mr. Martin Pospisil, Mr. Kiril Kossev, Ms. Olga Olson
and Ms. Diana Craciun of the OECD Eurasia Competitiveness Programme.
The report was edited by Ms. Sally Hinchcliffe. Project implementation was
assisted by Ms. Saltanat Janenova, Local Consultant and Instructor, Graduate School
of Public Policy, Nazarbayev University, and Ms. Anna Chahtahtinsky, Ms. Jolanta
Chmielik and Ms. Elisabetta Da Prati of the OECD Eurasia Competitiveness
Programme.
7
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD ............................................................................................................... 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... 5
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................. 11
KAZAKHSTAN: KEY INDICATORS (2013) ......................................................... 13
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................ 15
CHAPTER
1:
OPPORTUNITIES
AND
CHALLENGES
FOR
THE
DEVELOPMENT
OF
AGRICULTURAL
CO-OPERATIVES
IN
KAZAKHSTAN ........................................................................................................ 19
Agriculture is an important sector in Kazakhstan with a highly fragmented
structure of production ........................................................................................... 20
Policies introduced by Kazakhstan to help small-scale producers overcome
market failures and integrate with local supply chains ........................................... 31
Agricultural co-operatives can create a level playing field for small-scale
producers and improve the efficiency of policy implementation ........................... 35
Short-term challenges to the development of agricultural co-operatives in
Kazakhstan ............................................................................................................. 40
CHAPTER
2:
POLICY
RECOMMENDATIONS
TO
STRENGTHEN
AGRICULTURAL CO-OPERATIVES BASED ON INTERNATIONAL
EXPERIENCE ........................................................................................................... 47
Policy environment: an effective legal and regulatory framework can create
strong incentives for the establishment of new co-operatives ................................ 48
Awareness and trust: education on the benefits of co-operatives can increase
membership and encourage greater involvement and participation from small-
scale farmers ........................................................................................................... 58
Targeted financial support: government, donor and private sector financing can
facilitate the development of agricultural co-operatives ........................................ 63
THE WAY FORWARD ............................................................................................ 71
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................... 75
8
Tables
Table 1.
Development of agricultural co-operatives in Kazakhstan and
selected countries ............................................................................... 39
Table 2.
Differences between co-operatives, investor-owned corporations
and non-profit organisations .............................................................. 50
Table 3.
Calculation of taxable income for an agricultural marketing co-
operative and an input supply co-operative........................................ 53
Figures
Figure 1.
Evolution of agriculture’s share in GDP and total employment,
1990-2013 .......................................................................................... 20
Figure 2.
Evolution of agricultural exports and imports, 1995-2013 (USD
million) ............................................................................................... 22
Figure 3.
Evolution of FDI in agriculture and food processing, 1993-2013
(USD million) .................................................................................... 23
Figure 4.
Growth of small-scale agricultural production, 1991-2013 ............... 25
Figure 5.
Share of agricultural output by small-scale producers by region,
2013 .................................................................................................... 27
Figure 6.
Share of crop and livestock output by small-scale producers by
region, 2013 ....................................................................................... 28
Figure 7.
Share of small-scale producers in total production of various
agricultural commodities, 2012 .......................................................... 40
Figure 8.
Concessional lending to co-operatives from the Agrarian Credit
Corporation (ACC), 2006-2011 ......................................................... 44
Figure 9.
Overview of challenges and policy recommendations ....................... 48
Figure 10.
Possible implementation timeline ...................................................... 71
9
Boxes
Box 1.
Fiscal and financial incentives for agricultural co-operatives in
Trentino, Italy ..................................................................................... 54
Box 2.
Georgia’s Agency for the Development of Agricultural Co-
operatives ........................................................................................... 55
Box 3.
Pernod Ricard: Education and extension services for wine-growing
co-operatives in Armenia ................................................................... 61
Box 4.
USDA financing instruments for agricultural co-operatives .............. 65
Box 5.
Danone: financial support and technical assistance to strengthen
dairy co-operatives in Ukraine ........................................................... 67
10
11
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ACC
Agrarian Credit Corporation
AUD
Australian dollars
COPA
Committee of Professional Agricultural Organisations
COGECA General Committee for Agricultural Cooperation in the European
Union
EU
European Union
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FDI
Foreign direct investment
FFSA
Fund for Financial Support to Agriculture
FSU
Former Soviet Union
GDP
Gross domestic product
ICA
International Co-operative Alliance
IDP
Irrigation and Drainage Improvement Project
ILO
International Labour Organization
km
Kilometres
KZT
Kazakhstani tenge
MFI
Microfinance institution
NGO
Non-governmental organisation
12
OECD
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
R&D
Research and development
SAOS
Scottish Agricultural Organisation Society
UK
United Kingdom
USD
United States dollars
USDA
United States Department of Agriculture
VAT
Value-added tax
VET
Vocational education and training
13
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