Methods: media education may be classified according to: the sources of the
obtained knowledge: aural (lecture, story, talk, explanation, discussion); visual (illustration
and demonstration of media texts); practical (practical tasks connected with mass media).
According to the level of cognitive activity: explanatory and illustrative (the teacher
imparts certain information about mass media, the audience perceives and digests this
information); reproductive (the teacher works out and uses various tasks and assignments
connected with mass media for students to obtain the techniques which are necessary for
their solution); problem-solving (problem analysis of certain situations or media texts for
critical thinking development); searching or heuristic, research (research and creative
activities). Preference is given to the process of perception and analysis of media texts, sets
of gaming/creative lessons, practical classes involving video filming, etc.
Main aspects of the media education program(based on the key concepts of media
education: agency, category, technology, language, representation and audience):
- introduction to media education (the definition of media education, media text,
main criteria for its assessment, process of the creation of media texts, etc.);
- media reality in media education of school students (means of the visual image,
media culture, model of its development, etc.);
- a human being and the environment – study, comprehension and identification
(correlation of the perceptive units, various means of the establishment of this
interconnection; information space, its interpretation through word, music, image, etc.);
- technologies improving the exploration of the environment, modeling the human
consciousness (the development of media technology, modeling of the world and a
person’s picture of it, etc.);
- digital millennium – a new phase of civilization (philosophical, aesthetical,
culturological evaluation of mass media; peculiarities of the 'digital' society, narration,
impact of modern media; potential of ICT technologies, etc.).
On the whole, Y. Usov’s model integrates media studies with the traditional arts and
ICT. The contents of the model is determined by the concept of «aesthetical culture as a
system of levels of the emotional and intellectual students’ development in the field of the
imaginative, associative logical thinking, perception of fiction and reality, skills for
interpretation, reasoning for evaluation of various types of media information, need for the
creative artistic activity on the material of traditional arts and mass media» [Usov, 1998, p.
56].
Application fields: compulsory and optional subjects (in educational institutions of
different types), clubs, studios, extra-curricular forms of education. While validating this
model, Y. Usov found possibilities for its implementation in special and integral media
education.
Y. Usov determined the potential of using this model both in autonomous and
integrated media education. At the same time, this model in accord with Y. Usov’s
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definition can be realized in varied ways and that is, in our opinion, very important for
Russia (different life conditions in big cities and remote regions, financial instability, etc.).
Possible fields of its application: in studios of children's screen creation, at art lessons
( World Art Culture, Screen Culture, etc.), at lessons of literature, history, modern
languages, etc. For example, Media Studies can be part of different school subjects or be
taught as a separate course. As the problem of professional teacher training in media
education has not been solved in Russia yet, this variety is a necessary requirement for the
development of media education in Russia.
Y. Usov’s model is aimed at the effective development of such essential aspects of
culture of a personality as: active thinking (including imaginative, creative, logic, critical,
associative); apprehension, interpretation, evaluation and analysis of different media texts;
need for the comprehension and a qualified usage of media language; need for verbal
communication during the reception of media content; the skill to transfer knowledge,
results of the perception through mass media [Usov, 1998, p. 56].
Y. Usov [Usov, 2000a] is also the author of a school model of developing virtual
thinking based on the unity of filming and perception of its results. The perception and
analysis of an art media text is reached by screening a picturesque canvas; by editing the
filmed material; by detecting semantic, emotional interconnections between discrete units;
by building the conception of the seen material; by forming one's own attitude to the
material; by verbalization; by holistic analysis of the screen product, etc. [Usov, 2000a, pp.
3-6].
The progress of modern computer technologies enables students to plunge into the
world of virtual reality which Y. Usov justly defined as having a wonderful strong
resemblance to life «in comparison to film, television, video. … The identification of the
artistic virtual reality with the objective reality turns out to be one hundred per cent though
it is illusory. … Yet a competent viewer will feel here the presence of the creator since the
traditional laws of artistic space, time, and narration discreteness will remain: as the
illusion whatever it might be is nevertheless created by the author, and his emotional and
intellectual kernel will also be detected on the basis of correlation of perceptual units»
[Usov, 2000b, p. 69].
In recent years the concept of the virtual reality has appreciably become more
complex. It used to be considered as something related to the artistic reality, but due to the
advancement of computer technologies the virtual reality via computers does appear on the
internal screen of the human mind and connects him with any media text created by him.
In this connection there rises the idea of the so-called virtual thinking that is, in Y. Usov's
opinion, able to solve the contradictions between the level of progress in the sphere of
impact of art and the up-to-date man's readiness to actively use these opportunities – bothat
special classes and independently in the process of perception, interpretation of the
multidimensional space-and-time reality. Virtual thinking is closely connected with the
history of development of screen arts, all the types of cognition of the space-and-time
reality (editing, audio-visual, space-and-time, and screen).
Undoubtedly, the development of virtual thinking is one of challenging directions of
media education development in modern information society.
An important peculiarity of Y. Usov's model is integration of screen, electronic and
new information educational technologies in the system of compulsory and optional
education, students' leisure activity.
Gennady Polichko'sMedia Education Model [Polichko, 1990]
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Definition of 'media education' in general coincides with the definition suggested
by Y. Usov.
Conceptual ground: the aesthetic and culturological theories of media education.
Aims: the development of a personality on the material of art media texts.
Objectives: to assist students to comprehend the laws and language of the art scope
of audiovisual media, develop their aesthetic/artistic perception and tastes, skills for
competent analysis of art media texts, to impart knowledge about media culture, etc.
Forms of work: autonomous media education courses, media education integrated
into traditional school subjects (mainly in literature), optional subjects, and film clubs.
Methods: media education may be classified according to: the sources of the
obtained knowledge: aural (lecture, story, talk, explanation, discussion); visual (illustration
and demonstration of media texts); practical (practical tasks connected with mass media).
According to the level of cognitive activity: explanatory and illustrative (the teacher
imparts certain information about mass media, the audience perceives and digests this
information); reproductive (the teacher works out and uses various tasks and assignments
connected with mass media for students to obtain the techniques which are necessary for
their solution); problem-solving (problem analysis of certain situations or media texts for
critical thinking development); searching or heuristic, research (research and creative
activities). Close attention is given to theoretical and practical classes suggesting creative
tasks, role play of different types.
Main aspects of the media education program(based on the key concepts of media
education: agency, category, technology, language, representation and audience):
audiovisual character of film, kinds of film art, film and study of the film art; structure of
the film image, editing as the principle of cinematographic thinking, the film maker is the
creator of the cinematographic image; film equipment and creative process; film and
viewers; film and education [Polichko, 1990, p. 4].
As we can see, G. Polichko did not include into the program the units connected with
the history of film/media culture on purpose and zeroed in on the problems of art image,
types and genres, media language. In G. Polichko's program as well as Y. Usov's one can
see a distinct connection with the aesthetic theory of media education, art orientation
instead of information orientation.
Application fields: compulsory and optional subjects, integrated media education (in
educational institutions of different types), clubs, studios, institutions of additional
education and leisure.
Our study has shown that the media education models suggested by L. Bazhenova
[Bazhenova, 1992], E. Bondarenko [Bondarenko, 1997], I. Levshina [Levshina, 1975], V.
Monastyrsky [Monastyrsky, 1979], Y. Rabinovitch [Rabinovitch, 1991] and some other
Russian media educators also present a synthesis of the aesthetic and sociocultural models
of media education. In Western countries the orientation to the aesthetic models, as it is
known, was popular until the 1970s. Among their advocates were A. Hodgkinson (UK)
[Hodgkinson, 1964, pp. 26-27], F. Stewart and J. Nuttal (Canada) [Stewart, and Nuttall,
1969, p. 5] and G. Moore [Moore, 1969, p. 9]. Nowadays a similar approach is supported
by P. Greenaway (Australia) [Greenway, 1997, p.188]. But, on the whole, the aesthetic/art
orientated models of media education have yielded to the socio-cultural models based on
the culturological/cultural studies theory and critical thinking theory.
Group B. Media Education Models Presenting a Synthesis of the Aesthetic,
Ethic and Educational/Upbringing Models
Stal Penzin's Media Education Model[Penzin, 1987; 2004]
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Definition of 'media education'.Media education is defined by S. Penzin (1932-
2011) as aesthetic education of the audience (school students, university students) mainly
on the material of art media texts (primarily, Art House production).
Conceptual ground: the aesthetic and ethic theories of media education: one cannot
confine to specific – aesthetical or critical – aims only since the viewer must be a
personality above all, a Man (and also be ethical, homo eticus) [Penzin,1987, p. 47].
Aims: the development of a personality on the material of art media texts,resulting,
according to S. Penzin, in the personality's acquirement of some general aesthetic qualities
(fine aesthetical taste, awareness of perception clichés, imaginative thinking, realizing that
film is a piece of art, and not a mirror reflection of real life, understanding of the need for
art study) and specific qualities (demand for serious media art, skills to adequately interpret
media texts, discriminating attitude to film production, interest in media history, etc.)
[Penzin, 1987, pp. 46-47].
Objectives of aesthetic, audiovisual, emotional and intellectual, ethical media
education of the audience: knowledge acquisition (and as a result – understanding the need
for studying media theory and history, skills to interpret all elements of a media text, to
accurately analyze its language, making conscious choices related to media consumption;
training the skills of visual thinking, post-viewing reflection; upbringing aimed at the fine
aesthetic taste development, cultural requirement to communicate with the ‘serious art’ vs.
pop art, etc. [Penzin, 1987, pp. 47-48];familiarization with objections of film/media
education [Penzin, 2000, p. 151].
Forms of work: integration of media education into the school, extra-curricular and
leisure activities of school students – throughthe organization of media text perception,
explanation, artistic creativity, amateur activities.
Methods: media education may be classified according to: the sources of the
obtained knowledge: aural (lecture, story, talk, explanation, discussion); visual (illustration
and demonstration of media texts); practical (practical tasks connected with mass media).
According to the level of cognitive activity: explanatory and illustrative (the teacher
imparts certain information about mass media, the audience perceives and digests this
information); reproductive (the teacher works out and uses various tasks and assignments
connected with mass media for students to obtain the techniques which are necessary for
their solution); problem-solving (problem analysis of certain situations or media texts for
critical thinking development); searching or heuristic, research (research and creative
activities). S. Penzin names the reproductive activities, heuristic and research among the
major media education methods.
Main aspects of the media education program (based on the key concepts of
media education: agency, category, technology, language, representation and audience): a)
«introduction to aesthetics and art studies (particularly, film studies), history of
cinematograph that facilitates the competent aesthetic perception of any film; b) pragmatic
application spheres of theoretical knowledge; c) challenging problems in contemporary
research; d) activities teaching school students to acquire the experience of film analysis»
[Penzin, 1987, p. 46; Penzin, 2004].
Having made a start from the traditional principles of didactics, S. Penzin
distinguishes the following specific principles of media education: film study in the system
of arts; the unity of the rational and the emotional aspects in the aesthetic perception of
film art; bifunctionality of aesthetic self-education when the aesthetic sense clarifies the
ethical one [Penzin, 1987, p. 71]. Hence appears the «triad of objectives of art film analysis
training. The first objective is the assimilation of the author’s concept, study of everything
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directly connected to the author – themain agent of the aesthetical origin. The second one
is the comprehension of the character – themain medium of the aesthetical origin. The third
one is the fusion, synthesis of the above two. (…) All the three objectives are inseparable.
They emerge and require a solution simultaneously» [Penzin, 1987, p. 56].
Application fields: compulsory and optional subjects (mainly at the university
level), clubs, studios, media centres, institutions of additional education and leisure.
Oleg Baranov's Media Education Model [Baranov, 2002]
Definition of 'media education'.Synthesis of the definitions offered by UNESCO
and Y. Usov.
Conceptual ground: the aesthetic, ethical and culturological theories of media
education.
Aims:
aesthetic,
audiovisual,
emotional
and
intellectual,
ethical
education/upbringing of the audience, the development of a personality on the material of
art media texts.
Objectives: assist students to comprehend the basic laws and language of the
artscopeofmassmedia;develop students' emotionality and responsiveness;develop their
ethical and aesthetic/artistic perception and tastes, skills for competent analysis of art
media texts; develop steady value esthetical and aesthetical principles and preferences,
involvement in the esthetical and aesthetical process [Baranov, 2002, p. 25].
Forms of work: integration of media education into traditional school subjects,
media studies, lectures, special courses, seminars, optional subjects, media/film studios,
media/film clubs [Baranov, 2002, p. 25].
Methods: media education may be classified according to: the sources of the
obtained knowledge: aural (lecture, story, talk, explanation, discussion); visual (illustration
and demonstration of media texts); practical (practical tasks connected with mass media).
According to the level of cognitive activity: explanatory and illustrative (the teacher
imparts certain information about mass media, the audience perceives and digests this
information); reproductive (the teacher works out and uses various tasks and assignments
connected with mass media for students to obtain the techniques which are necessary for
their solution); problem-solving (problem analysis of certain situations or media texts for
critical thinking development); searching or heuristic, research (research and creative
activities).
Main aspects of the media education program (based on the key concepts of
media education: agency, category, technology, language, representation and audience):
study of media culture language;the world of an art media text's authors;history of media
culture (history of film art, television, etc.).
Application fields: compulsory and optional subjects, integrated media education (in
educational institutions of different types), clubs, studios, institutions of additional
education and leisure.
Our analysis has shown that the media education models suggested by A. Breitman
[Breitman, 1997], N. Kirillova [Kirillova, 1992], Z. Malobitskaya [Malobitskaya, 1979]
and others, also in one form or another synthesize the aesthetical, informative and ethical
upbringing models. In many countries such models since the early seventies (together with
the study of the oeuvre of the authors of media masterpieces, and inoculation of the
«expert» taste for the «high quality art media texts») have been gradually substituted by
models of socio-cultural education based on the cultural studies theory of media education
and the theory of the audiences’ critical thinking development.
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Group C. Media Education Models Presenting a Synthesis of the Sociocultural,
Informative and Practical/Pragmatic Models
Alexander Sharikov's Media Education Model [Sharikov, 1991]
Definition of 'media education'.A. Sharikov defines media education as
«theoretical and practical training of using mass media, regarded as part of a specific and
autonomic branch of knowledge in the theory and practice of education; it should be
differentiated from using educational aids in other knowledge domains such as
mathematics, physics, geography, etc.» [Sharikov, 1991, p. 3].
Conceptual ground:the sociocultural theory, elements of the critical thinking
theory, semiotic, culturalstudies, ethical and ecological theories of media education. The
cultural studies component (the necessity for media education as the result of one's media
culture development) and the sociocultural component (acknowledgment of the social role
of media in pedagogy) condition, according to A. Sharikov’s conception, the main
postulates of the sociocultural theory of media education: 1) the development of mass
media logically provokes the necessity of special professional training in each new field
connected with new mass media; 2) taking into account the mass scale of the media
audience, professionals, especially teachers of special media subjects, there emerges the
need for the media language education of bigger audiences; 3) this tendency is increasing
as the society realizes the growing influence of mass media and, as a result, convicts media
educators of further development of the media education process.
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