Techniques of movie title translation
There are five major strategies in title rendering. The following techniques fall into two main
types: respecting the original (transliteration, literal translation, and explication) and removing
the original (adaptation, providing a new title). “No matter what technique is employed, one
fundamental and vital principle that should never be forgotten is that the translation must be related
to the story in one way or another.”/2, p.214/.
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Transliteration
The easiest way to translate a film title, clearly, is not to translate it /7, p.2/. Transliteration,
i.e. borrowing the sound of the SL, can be employed when movie titles are proper nouns such as
names of characters and places (settings), especially when these names are familiar to the target
audience.
Character names:
- Tom and Jerry (1992)
- Romeo and Juliet (1996)
- Batman & Robin (1997)
- King Kong (2005)
Setting names:
- Titanic (1997)
- Chicago (2002)
- New York (2009)
Through transliteration, the sound effects, i.e. the rhythm of the SL, can be preserved, which
will entertain the audience with a strong exotic flavor.
Table -1. Sample of the transliteration:
№ The original
The translated
The back-translated
1.
Aladdin
Аладдин
Aladdin
2.
Troy
Троя
Troy
3.
Notting Hill
Ноттинг Хилл
Notting Hill
4.
Titanic
Титаник
Titanic
Literal translation
In literal translation, the source-language constructions are converted to their nearest target-
language equivalents /1,p.15 /. According to Wikipedia dictionary, literal translation refers to the
result of translating text from one language to another; translating each word independently as
opposed to translating the entire phrase. By employing this technique, both the form and the
content of the original title will be preserved at the maximum level. It is sometimes known as
word-for-word translation which is contrary to thought-for-thought translation. This technique is
based on the principle of faithfulness to the original and the fact that most of English movie titles
contain nouns and noun phrases. It is considered one of the most common
and simplest ways in title translation.
- “Mission: Impossible” (1996)
- “Independence Day” (1996)
- “Panic Room” (2002)
- “Dear John” (2010)
However, it is of great importance to note that literal translation is not applicable to all types
of movie titles as this technique ignores idioms. Most of non-idiomatic descriptive titles and some
allusive ones may be objects to literal translation providing that they match with the content and
translated titles sound natural Russian. When titles are simply nouns and noun phrases, the
translated ones are just juxtaposition of Russian equivalence.
Table-2. Sample of literal translation
№ The original
The translated
The back-translated
1.
Catch me if you can
Поймай
меня
если
сможешь
Catch me if you can
2.
Jurassic park
Парк юрского периода
Park of Jurassic period
3.
Men in Black
Люди в черном
Men in Black
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4.
The Silence of the
Lambs
Молчание ягнят
Lambs in silence
5.
Around the World in 80
Days
Вокруг света за 80 дней
Around the World in 80 Days
Explication
Briefly, explication means to embellish some more details to the title so that it is
understandable and clear. It is a translation technique of clarification, explanation or interpretation,
under which additional details must be taken from the movie. First, if titles are too abstract and
vague to understand or too plain to attract the audience, they need explication. Second, if keeping
the original title and translating literally fail to bring about a version that can enjoy a great vogue
from the audience, explication should be employed. By explicating, titles will be more explicit and
detailed to serve the movie story. The following cases can be taken into account.
The title of the movie “In Bruges” was translated into Russian as “Залечь на дно в Брюгге”.
This movie is about the Irish hit-men Ken and Ray are sent by the Londoner mobster Harry Waters
to the medieval Belgium city of Bruges. Translator used addition in order to clarify the title. It is
not sufficient just to name the city where the all actions are happening, as the Bruge is a small
town in Belgium (considering with Tokyo, the capital of Japan.)
Hachi: a dog’s tale is the movie about great love and respect between a college professor
and the puppy he rescues on a snowy night. It's a very gentle film that quickly engages the audience
as it introduces a heroic dog, a man with a loving heart, and an idyllic setting. In order to give
more aesthetic effect upon the target language perceptionists the title it was translated as
“Хатико: Самый верный друг”.
Table-3. Sample of explication
№ The original
The translated
The back-translated
1.
In Bruges
Залечь на дно в Брюгге
Go down in Bruges
2.
Hachi: a dog’s tale Хатико: Самый верный друг
Hachi: the most loyal friend
3.
Hitch
Правила съема: метод Хитча Removal Term: Hitch’s method
4.
Jobs
Джобс: Империя соблазна
Jobs: Enticement empire
Adaptation
When the three techniques mentioned above fail to produce a good translation, adaptation is
another choice. Adaptation is to change, to adjust or to modify some unique factors to the source-
language (English) so that they are understandable to the readers of target language (Russian).
Adaptation is to change the cultural references. The unique factors may range from cultural
information to linguistic elements such as idiom, pun/word-play, slang, fixed expression,
terminology, etc, which are sometimes obstacles in finding the equivalence. Translators should
firstly be aware of cultural factors, secondly stay sensitive to linguistic phenomenon so as to
understand it deeply, aiming at an understandable, accepted and appreciated title in Russian.
Die hard is an idiom referring to one who stubbornly resists change or tenaciously adheres to
a seemingly hopeless or outdated cause . In comparison with the funny title “Живучи”, which is
literally translated from “Die hard”, the version “Крепкий орешек” shows more professionalism
in translation and sounds like movie title. In addition, it can also convey the genre of the movie
(action, thriller).
The movie title “As good as it gets” is an idiom used when you are saying that a situation is
not going to get any better /Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary/. The situation as it is now is
the best it can be. Stop hoping that it will improve, because you are just going to be disappointed.
This idiom is right for the situation of the main character, Melvin Udall, an obsessive-compulsive
writer who finds his life turned upside down when neighboring gay artist Simon is hospitalized
and his dog is entrusted to him. So it was Translated as “Лучше не бывает”
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Table-4. Sample of Adaptation
№ The original
The translated
The back-translated
1.
Die hard
Крепкий орешек
A tough nut
2.
As good as it gets
Лучше не бывает
There can be nothing best
3.
Die another day
Умри, но не сейчас
Die but not now
Providing a new title
The linguistic barrier is sometimes too high to overcome, even with the help of the four techniques
above. When translators fail to keep the original title, to translate it literally, to explicate or to
adapt it, they have to employ the last choice: to provide a new title, i.e. to use transcreation. The
term “transcreation” comes into linguistics from the field of business and is defined as “process
whereby new content is developed or adapted for a given target audience, rather than translated
directly from the original version” /6, p.1/. It is the freest technique of movie title translation, for
translators are not bound by linguistic hindrances and their creativeness as well as imagination can
work the best. They are free to select a new title that fits the movie plot, which depends on their
taste and style. The technique aims at The technique aims at making the movie title more idiomatic,
making the movie title more aesthetic, making the movie title brief and concise, dealing with
homonymy, etc. This technique is frequently used in translating the movie titles into Russian.
Transcreation was used in translation of The lady-killers (Игры джентльменов) The new
title may originate from the tagline “The greatest criminal minds of all time have finally met their
match”: the greatest criminal minds - a group of thieves and their match - a sharp old woman. In
fact, the word “lady-killer” is a slang referring a man reputed to be exceptionally attractive to and
often ruthless with women /9/. However, the title does not imply this meaning, it is used in the
literal sense: a group of criminals try to kill an old lady to cover up a clue.
Table-5. Sample of transcreation.
№ The original
The translated
The back-translated
1.
The lady-killers
Игры джентльменов
The lady-killers
2.
A walk to member
Спеши любить
Hurry Up and Fall in Love
3.
Silver
Linings
Playbook
Мой парень — псих
My Boyfriend is a Psycho
4.
Country Strong
Я ухожу — не плачь
I’m Leaving — Don’t Cry
5.
The possession
Шкатулка
The possession
6.
Dan in Real Life
Влюбиться в невесту
брата
Falling
in Love
With
Your
Brother’s Wife
7.
The Bank Job
Ограбление на Бейкер
Стрит
Robbery in Baker Street
8.
The Cinderella Man
Нок даун
Knockdown
9.
A beautiful Mind
Игры разума
Games of the Mind
10. Some Like It Hot
В джазе только девушки In jazz only girls
Conclusion
The translation of film titles involves many complicated factors. It depends on the content of
films, the psychology of the audience, and some other cultural factors. Anyway, it must be a good
version if it is concise, striking, attracting and meaningful. As we have analyzed above, a good
rendering of film titles should obey such principles: faithfulness, cultural awareness, combination
of commercial and aesthetic effects. Transliteration, literal translation and explication are the usual
methods we use when we translate film titles. Only by bearing in mind the principles of
faithfulness, cultural awareness, and combination of commercial and aesthetic effects, and
employing techniques appropriate to different titles, can we translators do a better job when
translating film titles.
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References:
1.
Bui Tien Bao & Dang Xuan Thu. (1999) Interpreting and Translation Course Book.
http://www.researchgate.net/profile/XUAN_THU_DANG/publication/230583366_Interpreting_
and_translation_coursebook/links/02e7e518a56cbcb0af000000.pdf
2.
Eugene A. Nida. (2001). Language and Culture: Contexts in Translation.
3.
Hornby, A. S. (2000) Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (Sixth Edition).
http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/
4.
Kolstrup, Søren. (1996) The Film Title and its Historical Ancestors,
http://pov.imv.au.dk/Issue_02/section_1/artc1B.html
5.
Lu Yin, (2009) On the Translation of English Movie Titles,
http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ass/article/download/%20268/242
6.
Ray. R., Kelly. N, (2010) Reaching New Markets through Transcreation,
http://www.commonsenseadvisory.com/Portals/_default/Knowledgebase/ArticleImages/100331_
R_Transcreation_Preview.pdf
7.
Steinsaltz, David. (2001) What’s German for G. I. Joe? How film titles travel.
http://www.steinsaltz.me.uk/papers/film.pdf
8.
Tamulaitienė, Daiva, Šidiškytė, Daiva, (2013) The Contrastive Analysis of the Translation
of English Film Titles into Lithuanian and Russian
http://www.kalbos.lt/zurnalai/22_numeris/10.pdf
9.
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language. (2000).
http://americanheritage.yourdictionary.com/
10.
Wright, Lenore, (2003) 10 Ways Titles Can Work For You,
http://www.fictionfactor.com/scriptwriting/scripttitles.html
11.
Yunker , John. (2005) "Transcreation" Gaining Momentum.
http://www.translationdirectory.com/article498.htm
Frequently-used links:
http://www.literarytranslation.com/workshops/almodovar/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
http://movies.yahoo.com/
УДК 81-25.06.053.56
TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES OF AMERICAN IDIOMS FROM ENGLISH INTO
RUSSIAN
Akhmedova Suirik Aimuratovna
Suleyman Demirel University
Student of philology faculty, Translation studies
ANNOTATION
The work comprises the need in full investigation of American idioms from film scripts
and its translation peculiarities from English into Russian. We conduct full systematic analysis of
American idioms according to the classification of idioms, and for the first time the analysis of
translation peculiarities of American idioms from English into Russian is given.
ТҮЙІН
Бұл мақалада қазіргі кездегі аударма ісінде ең басты мәселелердің бірі болып
табылатын: аудару барысындағы идиомаға дұрыс баламаны таңдай білу қажеттілігі
талқыланған.Мысал ретінде ағылшын тілінен орыс тілге аударылған фильм сценарийлері
қарастырылған болатын. Бұл мақалада фразеологизмдердің классификациясы бойынша
американдық фразеологизмдерге толық жүйелі талдау жүргізілді және алғаш рет
американдық фразеологизмдердің аударма ерекшеліктеріне толық сипаттама берілді.
658
Most Americans use idioms, especially when they talk to one another, and, consequently,
idioms from a very important part of American English. What really is an idiom? One definition
is that an idiom is “the assigning of a new meaning to a group of words which already have their
own meanings”. Idioms are informal in nature and although they appear in literature, they are not
necessarily considered to be “literary”. They are often colloquial, often slang, and through overuse
can become clichés. Idioms may be adjectival, adverbial, verbal, or nominal.[11,p.220]
Idioms come from different sources, from the Bible to horse racing, from ancient fables to
modern slang. Sometimes famous authors and storytellers such as Homer, Aesop, Geoffrey
Chaucer, or William Shakespeare made them up to add spark to their writings. Their classification
of idioms is based on the degree of motivation, therefore on semantic intelligibility. A description
is made among four categories of idioms:
1.Transparent expressions, such as to cut the wood ,to break the eggs, which are not idioms,
but free collocations with a literal meaning derived from the meaning of the consistent words;
2. Semi-transparent idioms, such as to skate on thin ice, to add fuel to the fire, which can
be regarded as metaphors having a counterpart with a literal meaning.
3. Semi-opaque phrases, such as to burn one’s boats, tarred with the same brush, metaphor
idioms which are not completely intelligible;
4.Opaque phrases, such as to pull somebody’s leg, to pass the buck which are full idioms
whose meaning cannot be derived from the meanings of the component words.[9,p.920]
The grading of idomicity according to the semantic relationship of those constituents of a
group which have a transferred, idiomatic meaning and those which have a literal meaning allows
a different classification of idioms into three classes:
1.Unilateral idioms, which are made up of one self-explanatory constituent, for example,
cold war ,black market;
2.Bilateral idioms, which are made up of two constituents having both transferred
meaning ,so that the meaning of the idiom cannot be derived from the meanings of its
constituents, for example early bird, white lie;
3. Multilateral idioms, which cover such nominations and propositions as: once in a blue
moon, a bird in the hand or beggars cannot be choosers.[4,p.54]
The goal of idiom translation is to ensure that we learn, during training, a transfer mapping
for the idiom as a whole, rather than literal word-for-word mappings for portions of the idiom.
Once we have learned such a mapping, during translation, it will automatically be preferred over
word-for-word alternatives, since we prefer larger mappings over smaller ones. Hence idiom-
specific handling is required only in the training or alignment phase. And if idioms translation is
a crucial problematic area so it is mastering idiomatic expressions within the context of text of
second language learning. [5,p.652-653]To the difficultly of acquiring a semantically self-
contained and relatively frozen chunk the learner is face with the hard task of grasping the
figurative meaning that underlie those structures. Thus besides becoming familiar with their
linguistic structures, it is necessary to know their meanings and their context of usage. In other
words, mastery of idiomatic structures presupposes a competence which is not merely linguistic
but cultural in the broadest sense: the learner must acquire what Dell Hymes calls communicative
competence in order to “sound” natural. In the words of Wolfson and Judd: “The competent
speaker needs to know not only the meanings of functions of the various forms but also which
ones are appropriate to use which speech situations. Indeed, if nonnative speakers are to interpret
what is said with any accuracy, it is necessary for them to understand the cultural values which
underlie speech”.[2,p.80]
Problems of equivalence. The translation of idioms takes us a stage further in considering
the question of meaning and translation, for idioms, like puns, are culture bound. When two
languages have corresponding idiomatic expressions that render the idea of prevarication, and so
659
in the process of interlingua translation one idiom is substituted for another.[8,p.343] That
substitution is made not on the basis of the linguistic elements in the phrase, nor on the basis of a
corresponding or similar image contained in the phrase, but on the function of the idiom. The SL
phrase is replaced by a TL phrase that serves the same purpose in the TL culture, and the process
involves the substitution of SL sign for TL sign. Unless she or he is consciously making a joke or
attempting a play on words, a speaker or writer cannot normally do any of the following with an
idiom:
1. Change the order of the words in it (e.g. ’the short and the long of it’);
2. Delete a word from it (e.g. ’spill beans’);
3. Add a word to it (e.g. ’the very long and short of it’; ’face the classical music’);
4. Replace a word with another (e.g.’ the tall and the short of it’; ’bury a hatchet’);
5. Change its grammatical structure (e.g. ‘the music was faced’).
The way which an idiom or a fixed expression can be translated into another language
depends on many factors.[3,p.90]
Translation by paraphrase. A paraphrase
/ˈpærәfreɪz/
is a restatement of the meaning of a
text or passage using other words. The term itself is derived via
Latin
paraphrasis from
Greek
παράφρασις, meaning "additional manner of expression". The act of
paraphrasing is also called "paraphrasis".
A paraphrase typically explains or clarifies the text that is being paraphrased. For
example, "The signal was red" might be paraphrased as "The train was not allowed to pass
because the signal was red". A paraphrase is usually introduced with
verbum dicendi
—a
declaratory expression to signal the transition to the paraphrase. For example, in "The signal was
red, that is, the train was not allowed to proceed," the that is signals the paraphrase that
follows.[7,p.708]
Translation by omission. Omission means dropping a word or words from the SLT while
translating. This procedure can be the outcome of the cultural clashes that exist between the SL
and the TL. In fact, it is in subtitling translations where omission attains its peak in use. The
translator omits words that do not have equivalents in the TT, or that may raise the hostility of
the receptor. For example, Arab translators usually omit English taboo words such as ‘fuck off’
and ‘shit’, while translating films into Arabic, just for the sake of respecting the Arab receptors,
who may not tolerate the use of these words because of their culture.[10,p.90]
Transcription is a phonemic reconstruction of an initial lexical unit by means if phonemes
of translating language: Chief-шеф,weekend-уикенд,Hamptons-Хэмптонз.
Translation is a literal reconstruction of the word by the letters of translating language:
Benjamins-Бэнджамены.[1,p.258]
Blue-print is reproduction of combinatory structure of words and word-combinations,
when components of a word (morpheme) or a phrase are translated by corresponding elements of
translating language.
Generalization is opposite to detailing techniques, in which the narrow meaning is
generalized.
Modulation is a technique which allows translating word for or word combinations by the
meaning.
Using the typical phraseology of the target language –its natural collections, its own fixed
and semi-fixed expressions, the right level of idiomaticity, and so on-will greatly enhance the
readability of your translations. Getting this level right means that your target text will feel less
‘foreign’ and, other factors being equal , may even linguistic features.[6,p.360]
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