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UNIT VI THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE



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UNIT VI

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Have (has) + Past Participle


  1. Ann action that began in the past and continues in the present - Бҧрын басталып, белгілі уақытқа созылып, әлі де жалғасып жатқан іс-әрекет.

They have been friends for five years. She has been training for two years.

  1. Repetition of an action before now – қазіргі уақытпен байланысы бар аяқталған іс-әрекет He has been to the Olympic several times.

Alihan has received three e-mails this morning.
Present Perfect tense жасалу жолы
Present Perfect tense have, has кӛмекші етістіктері және етістіктің 3-ші формасы (Past Participle)
► Жиі қолданылатын мезгіл пысықтауыштар
already, ever, never, just, yet, lately, so far




Positive







Negative




I
You
We
They

have

bought

I
You
We
They

have not

bought

He
She
It

has

bought

He
She
It

has not

bought





Question

s




Answers




Have

I
you we they

bought?

Yes,

I
you we they

have

No,

have not

Has

he
she it

bought?

Yes,

he
she it

has

No,

has not


Since және For сӛздерінің қолданылуы

since seven o‟clock since Monday since December
I have been here since 1983 since February 3, 2007 since last month

Since сӛзі ай, кҥн, сағат,
жылдармен қолдынылады.
Since бір іс-әрекеттің белгілі бір уақытта ӛткен шақта басталғанын және қазіргі уақытқа дейін жалғасып жатқандығын кӛрсетеді.

I have lived here since I was a child


for twenty minutes for three hours for seven days
I have been here for about three weeks
for almost five month
for many years for a long time

For сӛзі уақыт созылыңқылығын кӛрсетеді.
Егер зат есім – s жалғауына аяқталса (hours, days, weeks) for қолданылады.

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS


Have (has) been + Present Participle


  1. Expressing the duration of an action that began in the past and continues in the present - Бұрын басталып, белгілі уақытқа созылып, қазір де жалғасып жатқан iс-әрекетті білдіреді. John has been swimming for two hours.

He has been waiting for the bus for 20 minutes.

  1. An action that began in the past and has just recently ended

– Бұрын басталып, белгілі уақытқа созылып, қазір ғана аяқталған және қорытындысы анық іс-әрекетті білдіреді. Have you been crying? Your eyes are red.
He is dirty. He has been playing football.
Present Perfect Continuous жасалу жолы.
Present Perfect Continuous have been/has been көмекші етістіктері және негізгі етістікке -ing жалғауы жалғанады.




Positive







Negative




I
You
We
They

have been

digging

I
You
We
They

have not been

digging

He
She
It

has been

digging

He
She
It

has not been

digging





Questions







Answers




Have

I
you we they

been digging?

Yes,

I
you we they

have

No,

have not

Has

he
she it

been digging?

Yes,

he
she it

has

No,

has not



Present Perfect және Present Perfect Continuous айырмашылығы

▪ He has been typing letters all day.

▪ How many letters has he typed? ▪ He has typed ten letters today.

Бҧл сӛйлемде іс-әрекеттің қанша уақытқа дейін созылып жатқандығын кӛреміз.

Бҧл сӛйлемде іс-әрекеттің аяқталғандығы және іс-әрекеттің нәтижесі маңызды



THE PAST PERFECT


Had + Past Participle


  1. A past action that occurred before another action in the past – бір іс-әрекеттің басқа ӛтіп кеткен іс-әрекеттен немесе сәттен бҧрын басталғанын білдіреді.

She had just left when I arrived there.
They had already reserved the table when they went to the restaurant.

  1. An action that was expected to occur in the past - ӛтіп кеткен іс-әрекеттің бір сәттен бҧрын басталып, әлі де сол сәтте жалғасып жатқанын білдіреді.

I had hoped to get their decision before.
He had injured his legs in a car accident.
The Past Perfect Tense жасалу жолы
The Past Perfect Tense кӛмекші етістік has + Past Partciple арқылы жасалады.
► Мезгіл пысықтауыштары:
For, since, till/until, by, by the time, never.




Positive







Negative




I
You
We
They

had

eaten

I
You
We
They

had not

eaten

He
She
It

had

eaten

He
She
It

had not

eaten





Questions







Answers




Had

I
you we they

eaten?

Yes,

I
you we they

had

No,

had not

Had

he
she it

eaten?

Yes,

he
she it

had

No,

had not



THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS


Had been + Present Participle


  1. Expressing the duration of an activity that occurred before another action in the past year – ӛтіп кеткен іс-әрекеттің басқа ӛтіп кеткен іс-әрекеттің басталар кезіне дейін қаншалықты ҧзақ болғанын кӛрсетеді.

She had been completing for six years before she tried out for the Olympics last year.
They had been skating together for five years before they entered the competition.

  1. An action occurring recently before another action in the past - ӛткен шақтың ішінде екінші бір іс-әрекет басталғанға дейін болып ӛткен созылыңқылы ӛткен шақ.

He looked tired because he had been running for six hours. He had been working hard that day, so he was tried.
The Past Perfect Tense жасалу жолы
The Past Perfect Tense had been кӛмекші етістігі және негізгі етістікке -ing жалғауы жалғану арқылы жасалады. ► Мезгіл пысықтауыштар:
For, since, until, before




Positive







Negative




I
You
We
They

had been

digging

I
You
We
They

had not been

digging

He
She
It

had been

digging

He
She
It

had not been

digging





Questions





Answers




Had

I
you we they

been digging?

Yes,

I
you we they

had

No,

had not

Had

he
she it

been digging?

Yes,

he
she it

had

No,

had not

EXERCISES


1. Fill the sentences with the following words. already * before * ever * for * just * rarely * since * so * still * yet 1. Have you … …. dreamt of winning the lottery?

  1. I haven‟t worked out how to set the timer on the video.

  2. My dad‟s lived in the same house … … he was born.

  3. The film‟s only been on … … a couple of minutes. 5. Bruce has knocked three men out of the competition … … far.

  1. I get the chance to get any exercise – I‟m just too busy.

  2. He‟s only … … got home.

  3. It‟s eleven o‟clock and Todd … … hasn‟t come home. Where could he be?

  4. I‟ve never met Ruth … … What‟s she like? 10. Have you finished … …? That was quick!

2. Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous?

  1. It (snow) … … all day. I wonder when it will stop.

  1. We (have) … … three major snowstorms so far this winter. I wonder how many more we will have.

  1. It‟s ten p.m. I (study) … … I wonder how many more we will have. 4. I (write) … … them three times, but I still haven‟t received a reply.

  1. The telephone (ring) …. … four times in the last hour, and each time it has been for my office mate.

  2. The telephone (ring) …… for almost a minute. Why doesn‟t someone answer it?

  3. A.: (you, be) … …. able to reach Bob on the phone yet?

B.: Not yet. I (try) … … for the last twenty minutes, but all I get is a busy signal.

  1. A.: Hi, Jenny. I (see, not) … … you for weeks. What (you, do)

… …. lately?
B.: Studying.

  1. A.: What are you going to order for dinner?

B.: Well, I (have, never) … … vegetarian pizza, so I think I‟ll order that.

  1. A.: What‟s the matter? Your eyes are red and puffy. (you, cry) B.: No, I just finished peeling some onions.

  2. A.: Dr. Jones is a good teacher. How long (he, be) … … the university. B.: He (teach) … … here for twenty-five years. 12. The little girl is dirty from head to foot because she (play) ….

… in the mud.
3. Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous? 1. Someone (eat) … all the cakes. I‟ll have to buy some more.

  1. What (you buy) … your sister for her birthday?

  2. My throat is really sore. I (sing) … all evening.

  3. Brenda (learn) …. Russian, but she finds it difficult. 5. How many people (you invite) …. to your party?

  1. Those two for cats (sit) … on that branch for the last party?

  2. It (rain) … all day! Why can‟t it stop?

  3. Diana (wear) …. twelve different dresses in the park week!

  4. I (do) … everything you asked. What should I do now?

  5. Graham and Pauline (try) … to find a house for ages, but they can‟t find one they can afford.

4. Put the verbs in brackets into the proper present tense (Present Simple, Present Continuous or Present Perfect):

  1. It is raining and Ann … my umbrella. (to take)

  2. The lesson … yet. (not to begin)

  3. I often … people say that the weather in Astana is bad. (to hear)

  4. Peter, what … Bob … there? (to do) – He … his exercise-book, he … it. (to look for, to lose) – Why it … here! (to lie)

  5. What … he … ? (to do) – He … his degree-work, he … it yet.

(to write, not to finish). He … necessary material for it, and now he … in the library. (to collect, to work)

  1. It‟s Sunday morning. On Sundays we usually … to the country. (to go) I must be ready by nine o‟clock as my friends are to call for me at 9 sharp. I … already … my bed and … the floor. (to do, to sweep) Now I … my hair: I … and … it, and I … a scarlet band round my head. (to do, to brush, to comb, to put) Looking into the mirror I see that I … pretty well with this new hairdo. (to look) I … to the kitchen to have breakfast. (to go) My mother … it for the two of us. (to cook) We … at the kitchen-table. (to sit down) While Mother … the coffee into our cups, I … some sandwiches. (to pour, to prepare) “What … your plans for today?” Mother asks me. (to be) “We haven‟t made up our minds yet.” “I think you‟d better go to some place near the sea,” Mother says.

5. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Present Perfect or Past Simple.

  1. He (to be) abroad five years ago.

  2. You (to be) in the Caucasus last year?

  3. They (to leave) England when he (to be) still a child.

  4. He (not yet to come) back.

  5. He (to go) already?

  6. When you (to see) him last?

  7. I (not to see) him for ages.

  8. His health (to improve) greatly since I (to see) him last.

  9. Last night I (to feel) tired and (to go) to bed very early.

  10. Where you (to spend) your holidays?

  11. You ever (to spend) your holidays in the Crimea?

  12. While traveling in the Crimea I (to meet) your friend.

  13. I never (to visit) that place.

  14. He (to visit) that place last year.

  15. I just (to get) a letter from Tom.

  16. You (to take) any photographs while traveling in the south?

6. Open the brackets using the verbs in one of the future tenses: Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous.

  1. He (to run) now. He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest.

  1. What they (to do) now? – They (to work) in the reading-room. They (to work) there for already three hours.

  1. Where he (to be) now? – He (to be) in the garden. He (to play) volley-ball with his friends. They (to play) since breakfast time.

  2. I (to live) in St.Petersburg. I (to live) in St.Petersburg since 1990.

  3. She already (to do) her homework for two hours; but she (not yet to do) half of it.

  4. I (to wait) for you since two o‟clock.

  5. What you (to do)? – I (to read) for already two hours. I already (to read) sixty pages.

  6. This man (to be) a writer. He (to write) books. He (to write) books since he was a young man. He already (to write) eight books.

  7. What you (to do) here since morning?

  8. Lena is a very good girl. She always (to help) her mother about the house. Today she (to help) her mother since morning. They already (to wash) the floor and (to dust) the furniture. Now they (to cook) dinner together.

  9. This is the factory where my father (to work). He (to work) here for fifteen years.

  10. You (to find) your note-book? – No! I still (to look) for it. I already (to look) for it for two hours, but (not yet to find) it.

  11. You (to play) with a ball for already three hours. Go home and your homework.

  12. Wake up! You (to sleep) for ten hours already.

  13. I (to wait) for a letter from my cousin for a month already, but (not yet to receive) it.

  14. It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it.

  15. I just (to receive) a letter from my granny, but I (not yet to receive) any letters from my parents.

  16. The weather (to be) fine today. The sun (to shine) ever since we got up. 19. Every day I (to wind) up my watch at 10 o‟clock in the evening.

  1. Come along, Henry, what you (to do) now? I (to wait) for you a long time.

  1. Where your gloves (to be)? – I (to put) them into my pocket.


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