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- UNIT 4. THE OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY § 1. Native words
| § 2. Consonants
The OE consonant system consisted of the following sounds: labial – p, b, m, f, v; dental – t, d, þ, ð, n, s, r, l; velar – c, ʒ , h . The letter x was used instead of the group cs . Some consonant letters denoted different sounds in different positions ( ʒ = [g] or [ γ ] or [j]). Instead of doubled ʒ , c ʒ was written as in sec ʒ an. Unlike vowels, English consonants were more stable in the course of the language development. However, there were certain changes affecting consonants. Metathesis, or interchange of position between two sounds in a word. When one of the sounds undergoing metathesis is a vowel, the consonant is usually r : rinnan > irnan (run), gærs > græs (grass). Another consonant change was voicing of the fricatives f, s, þ to v, z, ð between voiced sounds: wefan – weave , cēosan – choose , oþer – other . All single consonants except r were doubled after a short vowel before a following [j]: Gt . habjan > OE hebban (heave); Gt . taljan > OE tellan (tell); The consonant c before a front vowel was usually palatalized and approached the affricate [t ∫ ] – cild (child). The group sc before a front vowel was also palatalized and approached [ ∫ ] – scip (ship). n disappeared before the fricatives h, f, s, þ with the lengthening of the preceding vowel: G . fünf > OE fīf . f) the cluster fn often becomes mn : stefn > stemn (voice); g) any velar consonant + t > ht : sōcte > sōhte (sought); h) any labial consonant + t > ft : ʒ esceapt > ʒ esceaft (creature); i) any dental consonant + t > ss : witte > wisse (knew). UNIT 4. THE OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY § 1. Native words The full extent of the OE vocabulary is not known to present-day scholars. A large part of the Old English vocabulary may not have been recorded at all or have been lost. It is supposed that Old English had about 30.000 words, but this figure does not represent the total number of words in the Old English language. The OE vocabulary is mainly homogeneous, that is, it consists mostly of native words, loan-words being an insignificant part of the vocabulary. 15 Native OE words can be subdivided into a number of etymological layers coming from different historical periods. The three main layers in the native OE words are: 1) common Indo-European words, 2) common Germanic words, 3) specifically OE words. 1) Common Indo-European Words. This is the oldest and biggest part of the Old English vocabulary. The words of this layer refer to different semantic spheres and denote the most important notions and things of every day life. E.g. brōþor (brother), sweostor (sister), heorte (heart), sittan (sit), twā (two), etan (eat), etc. 2) Common Germanic words . This is a large layer as well. The words of this group go back to the Common Germanic Period when the ancient Germanic tribes had broken away from other Indo-European tribes and formed an independent linguistic group. They also denote the most important objects and notions referring to the sea, nature, everyday life, colours, measures, parts of human body, etc. E.g. hand , dēop ( deep), sin ʒ an (sing), hūs (house), andswarian (answer), fin Ʒ er (finger), etc. 3) Specifically OE words. They do not occur in any other Germanic or non Germanic languages. This group is very small and for the most part includes compounds. E.g. wimman ‗ woman‘ (wīf ‗жена ‘ + man ‗человек ‘) brid ‗ bird‘ scīr- ʒ e-rēfa ‗ sheriff‘ ( ‗ chief of the shire‘) жүктеу/скачать 0,78 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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