Боргуль Н. М. Пособие по основам теории изучаемого языка, печать
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Participle II Strong helpan healp, hulpon ( ʒ e) holpen Weak macian macode ( ʒ e) macod It is seen from the table that the strong verb helpan has a different root vowel in each of its 4 stems; besides, every form is characterized by a specific ending. The weak verb macian does not change the root vowel; it adds the dental suffix - d- and endings. Thus it follows that strong verbs in OE formed their principal forms by means of vowel gradation in the root. Etymologically, strong verbs are older than weak ones. All strong verbs in their turn were divided into 7 classes according to the character of the root vowel gradation. Class Infinitive Past tense, singular Past tense, plural Past Participle 1 wrītan ‗писать ‘ wrāt writon written 19 2 cēōsan ‗выбирать ‘ cēās curon coren 3 sin Ʒ an ‗петь ‘ san Ʒ sun Ʒ on sun Ʒ en 4 niman ‗брать ‘ nam nōmon numen 5 cweðan ‗сказать ‘ cwæð cw ǣ don cweden 6 faran ‗ехать ‘ fōr fōron faren 7 hātan ‗называть ( ся )‘ heht, hēt hehton, hēton hāten The number of weak verbs in Old English was greater than that of strong verbs and was obviously growing. Weak verbs built their principal forms by adding the dental suffix, -d or -t , to the Present Tense stem. All weak verbs were divided into 3 classes; the variant of the dental suffix and the ending added to build the principal forms of the weak verb depended on the class to which the verb belonged. A peculiar place within the OE morphological system was taken by preterite present verbs. Their present tense corresponds to the past of strong verbs, while their past is derived according to the past of weak verbs. Thus, in OE the present tense of the verb witan ‗ know‘ is wāt for the Singular and witon for the Plural, while its past is wisse or wisste . In OE there were twelve preterite-present verbs. Six of them survived in MnE: OE ā Ʒ ; cunnan, cann; dear( r ); sculan, sceal; ma Ʒ an , m æƷ ; m ō t (MnE owe, ought; can; dare; shall; may; must ). Most of the preterite-presents did not indicate actions, but expressed a kind of attitude to an action denoted by another verb, an Infinitive which followed the preterite-present. In other words, they were used like modal verbs, and eventually developed into modern modal verbs. (In OE some of them could also be used as notional verbs). In OE there were two non-finite forms of the verb: the Infinitive and the Participle. In many respects they were closer to the nouns and adjectives than to the finite verb; their nominal features were far more obvious than their verbal features, especially at the morphological level. The Infinitive had no verbal grammatical categories. Being a verbal noun by origin, it had a sort of reduced case-system: two forms which roughly corresponded to the Nominative and Dative cases of nouns. The Participle was a kind of verbal adjective which was characterized not only by nominal but also by certain verbal features. жүктеу/скачать 0,78 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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